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Chronicles of Incidents and Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Chronicles of Incidents and Response, 2020
There were over 3,000 railcars in Orleans Parish during Hurricane Katrina. Of those, 640 contained hazardous materials and 105 of those were derailed by the flood waters (Figure 1.124A). Two releases occurred from railcars, one at the CSX rail yard releasing ethylene oxide and another at Air Products Company releasing hydrogen chloride. The CG Railway Company is a Mexican operation where railcars are shipped from Mexico by specially designed barges to offload in New Orleans. Four of the tracks in the CG Rail Yard were under water with five derailed cars. Consists provided by CG Railway Company showed there were 14 railcars containing hazardous materials at their New Orleans facility. Materials in the railcars included methylamine, anhydrous ammonia, potassium hydroxide solution, and chlorine. Strong winds and storm surge also caused several cars to derail in the CSX rail yard.
Anaerobic Degradation of Organic Compounds in Hypersaline Environments: Possibilities and Limitations
Published in Donald L. Wise, Bioprocessing and Biotreatment of Coal, 2017
Only recently, halophilic methanogenic bacteria have been isolated in pure culture. Mathrani and Boone [21] isolated from a solar salt pond a methanogenic bacterium growing in salt concentrations from 1 to 3.5 M (optimum 2.1 M at 37°C). The strain grows only on methylamines and methanol. A strain of irregular cocci isolated from the Great Salt Lake [22] has a similar substrate specificity;it grows on methanol, methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine, but not on hydrogen and carbon dioxide, formate, or acetate. Optimal growth was observed at 1 to 2 M NaCl and 35°C (range of growth 0.5 to 3 M salt and 25 to 40°C). Another strain (“Methanococcus halophilus”) growing on methanol or methylamines was isolated by Zhilina [23] from a cyanobacterial mat from the hypersaline Hemelin Pool (Shark Bay, Australia). This isolate failed to grow on hydrogen and carbon dioxide or on formate, but after a long adaptation period it proved able to grow on acetate. It grew at NaCl concentrations between 1.5 and 15%, with an optimum at 7% at 26 to 36°C. Several other strains of methanogens were isolated from hypersaline lagoons in Crimea, USSR, growing in salinities of up to 30% and using methylamines as sole substrates for growth, being unable to metabolize hydrogen and carbon dioxide, acetate, or formate [24].
Hazmat Team Spotlight
Published in Robert A. Burke, Hazmat Team Spotlight, 2020
Materials in the railcars included methylamine, anhydrous ammonia, potassium hydroxide solution, and chlorine. Strong winds and storm surge also caused several cars to derail in the CSX rail yard. One of the derailed cars contained fuming sulfuric acid. Other nearby cars contained methyl acrylate monomer, heptanes, and combustible liquids. Several barges were also washed over the levees by the storm surge. One such barge was about 2/3 full of benzene. The barge traveled approximately 100 feet from the levee across an industrial yard, a four lane highway, through power poles and through a swamp. No damage occurred to the barge and there were no leaks. The barge still rested where it landed when I visited awaiting removal of the benzene by the owners.
Removal of odorous compounds emitted from a food-waste composting facility in Korea using a pilot-scale scrubber
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Kris Niño G. Valdehuesa, Grace M. Nisola, Seong-Poong Lee, Alex V. Anonas, Enkhdul Tuuguu, Melvin M. Galera, Eulsaeng Cho, Wook-Jin Chung
An important packed column design parameter to be considered is the optimum L/G ratio, due to its role in assessing the economics of the absorption equipment.[18] The main parameter set for calculating L/G is at > 95% removal of ammonia and methylamine. Experimental runs were performed with the L/G ratio varying from 2 to 11, while maintaining the scrubbing solution pH below 6.5. The results show that a minimum L/G ratio of 4.5 and 2.0 (L per m3) were required for 95% removal of ammonia and methylamine, respectively (Fig. 2b). The observed high removal efficiencies of methylamine at low L/G values were due to its higher solubility at 108 g per 100 g water, compared to ammonia at 48 g per 100 g water at 25 °C.[19] Consequently, the removal efficiency for ammonia and methylamine was reduced upon increasing the gas flow rate, while holding the scrubber liquid loading rate at 3 m3/m3-hr (Fig. 3a). The loss of removal efficiency was more pronounced with ammonia, achieving ∼84% removal at ∼4000 m3/m3-hr gas loading rate. This may be due to factors such as reduced gas-liquid contact time and increased column pressure drop leading to flooding and liquid holdup.[18] To achieve 95% removal efficiency, the gas loading rate for ammonia and methylamine should not exceed 1750 and 3819 m3/m3-hr, respectively. In the case of liquid loading rate, a slight increase in removal efficiencies for both ammonia and methylamine were observed when the loading rate was varied from 3 to 8 m3/m3-hr (Fig. 3b). The increased removal efficiency even at a higher liquid loading rate of 8 m3/m3-hr shows that the system has not reached its “loading point” wherein severe channeling starts to occur. Usually, increasing the liquid loading rate (i.e. approaching “flooding velocity”) leads to better packing surface wetting/liquid distribution of the packed bed, thus providing higher interfacial area for mass transfer.[18]