China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Land Contamination
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Acids or bases are only toxic if they are strong, meaning they are of relatively low or high pH. Exposure to strong acids and bases causes respiratory irritation and burning and skin burns. Significant exposure may cause severe burns and even death (USEPA 2021c). Currently, adequate information is not available to evaluate the potential carcinogenic effects of common acids and bases (USEPA 2021c). Ammonia is a common basic chemical widely used as a household cleaning agent and in many industrial applications (ATSDR 2018f). Ammonia is present naturally throughout the environment in air, soil, and water. Exposure to high levels of ammonia may cause lung, skin, and throat irritation. Some people with asthma may react more negatively to the inhalation of ammonia (ATSDR 2018f). Hydrochloric acid (also referred to as hydrogen chloride) is a common acid widely used in industry as a cleaning agent, in the manufacturing of PVC, in making steel, and in making leather. Hydrochloric acid is also present in humans and other organisms as a gastric acid and sometimes exists as an acid mist. This mist may cause skin and lung irritation, and skin burns can occur if you are exposed to a highly concentrated mist for a prolonged period (ATSDR 2002b).
Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Fossil Free Sustainable Enterprise
Published in Amina Omrane, Khalil Kassmi, Muhammad Wasim Akram, Ashish Khanna, Md Imtiaz Mostafiz, Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Renewable Energy-Based Projects, and Digitalization, 2020
The Haber-Bosch process is used for the industrial production of ammonia directly from nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2), requiring H2 that is obtained from coal or natural gas as a source under very high pressure and super-heated steam. But the factories emit a vast amount of carbon dioxide in the overall process. Hydrogen gas is fed to fuel cells. Fuel cells power vehicles. Fuel cells generate electricity from the energy stored in chemical bonds. Ammonia (NH3) synthesized from sun, air, and water can offer the sustainable technology we need: ammonia can easily be cooled into liquid fuel and stored, and when needed it can be converted back into electricity or hydrogen gas (Zhou et al., 2017; Service, 2018). Malaysia, one of the largest supplier nations of palm oil, is developing various thermo-chemical processes for producing hydrogen rich gas from oil palm biomass (Mohammed et al., 2011).
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Anhydrous Ammonia—HF/HR Anhydrous ammonia (NH3) is one of the leading sources of nitrogen fertilizer applied to agricultural crops in the United States. It is used as a fertilizer because by molecular weight, it is 82% nitrogen, readily available and easy to apply. There are also disadvantages and potential dangers involved in handling and use of anhydrous ammonia. Ammonia gas is compressed into a liquid for storage and use. It is stored and handled under pressure, which requires the use of specially designed and well-maintained equipment. At 60°F ammonia has a vapor pressure of 93 psi, whereas at 100°F the vapor pressure is 200 psi. As the temperature of the ammonia rises, so does the vapor pressure. Liquid anhydrous is a very cold liquid, with a boiling point of −28°F, but a high-pressure flashing liquid release can produce temperatures of −60°F or lower, and can cause serious thermal burns very quickly.
Beneficial bacteria associated with Mimosa pudica and potential to sustain plant growth-promoting traits under heavy metals stress
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2020
Saidu Abdullahi, Hazzeman Haris, Kamarul Zaman Zarkasi, Hamzah Ghazali Amir
Ammonia production by rhizobacteria is a source of nitrogen for plants which is one of the essential nutrients necessary for plant biomass and increases the glutamine syntheses activity (Iwata et al. 2010). In this study, all tested isolates produced substantial quantities of ammonia under metal stress conditions. The results showed that isolates 6M2 and 2M1 have higher ammonia production ability under As, Cd and Pb compared to other isolates tested. Like other PGP traits studied, there was also a decrease in the ammonia production by the isolates tested with an increase in metals concentrations. Ammonia production plays an important role in the growth and health of plants by the accumulation of nitrogen and helps in promoting root and shoot growth and biomass production (Dutta and Thakur 2017). Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria among the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are well known for their ability to establish symbiotic associations with legumes and develop into nitrogenase complex that catalyzes the ATP-dependent reduction of N2 to ammonium in root nodules (Jian et al. 2019). Study have shown that co-inoculation with the PGPR and rhizobium can significantly increase the nutrient contents such as N, P, and K in plant tissues and also promote plant growth in soil contaminated with copper (Cu) (Ju et al. 2019).
Optimization of regasified liquefied natural gas based reforming process for syngas production in an ammonia plant
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Anju Sunny, N. Gazliya, K. Aparna
Ammonia production is based on the Haber-Bosch process in which nitrogen and hydrogen involved with a ratio of 1:3. For ammonia production, the required nitrogen is obtained from the air, and the hydrogen is from a variety of sources such as natural gas, oil refining products such as naphtha, residual oils, coal, etc. Finding potential sources of raw material for getting hydrogen has become a crucial challenge recently. Nowadays, increase in the environmental pollution and reduction in the availability of fossil fuels forced industry persons to look for reliable raw material for obtaining hydrogen. As a solution to the above-discussed problems, regasified liquefied natural gas (R-LNG) has been introduced as a suitable feed for ammonia production for getting the required hydrogen (Sunny, Solomon, and Aparna 2016).
A study on the necessity of integrated evaluation of alternative marine fuels
Published in Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 2020
Hyungju Kim, Kwi Yeon Koo, Tae-Hwan Joung
Unlike hydrogen, ammonia can be used in various prime movers: diesel engines, spark-ignition engines, and gas turbines, as well as fuel cells. Ammonia can be stored at significantly lower pressure and/or higher temperature than liquefied hydrogen and LNG. Ammonia is the top three chemicals transported annually, so ammonia has already been transported by ships, and there are worldwide storage and delivery systems (NH3FUEL Assocation 2010). The major disadvantages of ammonia are the toxicity and environmental impact. Ammonia is toxic if inhaled, and exposure to ammonia causes severe skin burns and eye damage. When liquid ammonia is spilled directly into water, it kills most living organisms in a close area, and a significant amount of time is required to restore to its natural state. Ammonia is hard to ignite (compared to conventional fuels), so hydrogen needs to be added when ammonia is used in internal combustion engines (de Vries 2019).