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Microwave as a Greener Alternative in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds
Published in Ahindra Nag, Greener Synthesis of Organic Compounds, Drugs and Natural Products, 2022
Aspirin is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It was the first drug of this class to be discovered. It has many applications, including relieving pain and swelling, managing various conditions and reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in people with high risk. People also use it as an anti-inflammatory or a blood thinner. Recently, microwave-induced heating has been employed in the synthesis of some analgesic drugs demonstrating its advantages in terms of purity, yield and reaction time. A good example is a method described by Montes and coworkers8; they proposed the synthesis of aspirin from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride under microwave irradiation, thus making an evaluation of different catalysts; the evaluation included some acids (H2SO4, H3PO4, MgBr2.OEt2, AlCl3) and bases (CaCO3, NaOAc, Et3N, DMAP) (Scheme 4.1a). The study demonstrated that the best catalysts, in terms of reaction time, were the Brønsted acids. Additionally, under basic conditions, aspirin was obtained with better yield, high purity and without polymer formation. This was because the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) worked very well under microwaves and it did not work under conventional heating.
Recent Advances in Microencapsulation of Drugs to Obtain Reduced Gastric Irritation
Published in Max Donbrow, Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy, 2020
J. A. Bakan, T. C. Powell, P. S. Szotak
Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic drug, with a single oral dose, varying between approximately 25 to 500 mg/kg. Most of the pharmacological effects are attributed to the salicylate moiety, although aspirin does not require hydrolysis to salicylate to produce these effects.2 Due to its ability to acetylate proteins, aspirin has pharmacologic effects, such as the inhibition of platelet aggregation, which other salicylates do not exhibit. Aspirin and other salicylates have continued to play a significant role in the treatment of inflammatory, mainly rheumatic, disorders. Aspirin’s suppressive effect on the inflammatory process appears to be due to its inhibitory action on the synthesis of prostaglandins via an inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme system. Its effects on platelet aggregation, part of its gastrointestinal effects, cardiovascular effects and some of the renal effects are also due to the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase.
Biomaterial Surface Properties
Published in Nihal Engin Vrana, Biomaterials and Immune Response, 2018
Tuğba Endoğan Tanır, Güneş Esendağlı, Eda Ayşe Aksoy
Glucose sensors are important medical devices, and their read-out accuracy and sensitivity are critically needed for the management of diabetes. For implantable glucose sensors, loss of device function is a widely seen problem, because after implantation tissue trauma occurs and this causes inflammation and fibrosis, which in turn reduces the ability of the sensor to make accurate measurements. Hickey et al. worked on the effect of dexamethasone/PLGA microspheres for suppressing the inflammatory tissue response against these implantable sensors. The results showed the minimisation of acute inflammatory reaction with low-dose dexamethasone and suppression of the inflammatory response of implanted material for at least one month upon in vivo implantation [31]. Chandorkar et al. investigated the effect of salicylic acid release from a biodegradable, cross-linked polyester backbone, for the reduction of foreign body response in mice where the incorporation of an anti-inflammatory drug into the polymer backbone was carried out. Salicylic acid is a deacetylation product of aspirin, the most widely used NSAID. Both aspirin and salicylic acid act by inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, which is necessary in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, and as a result causes an anti-inflammatory activity. Salicylic acid-incorporated new polyester showed surface type erosion and decreased inflammatory cell densities. There was also less pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (TNF-α and IL-1β) with a vascularised, homogeneous encapsulating tissue around the implant [32].
Ambient pressure drug loading on trimethylchlorosilane silylated silica aerogel in aspirin controlled-release system
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2022
Asieh Jabbari-Gargari, Jafarsadegh Moghaddas, Hoda Jafarizadeh-Malmiri, Hamed Hamishehkar
Aerogels prepared with this method are appropriate for use in controlled drug delivery systems due to their structural stability in aqueous mediums. Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat fever and pain and, in high dosages, reduces inflammation from various causes such as arthritis (Meek et al. 2010). In some chronic illnesses such as arthritis, the prolonged-release delivery system for aspirin will be helpful for patient compliance. Furthermore, sustained-release forms of aspirin substantially reduce local irritations caused by NSAIDs in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the stomach (Gupta and Raghav 2020). Aspirin is assigned to class I of biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) drugs known with high solubility and high permeability (Dressman et al. 2012). Therefore, there is a need to control the dissolution rate of the drug over time by applying the new drug formulations such as the sustained-release form. Consequently, considering mentioned points, alongside aspirins' small and non-polar molecular structure, aspirin was selected as a model drug to be loaded on hydrophobic nanostructured silica aerogel to provide a sustained-release format for aspirin.
Endowing polyetheretherketone with anti-inflammatory ability and improved osteogenic ability
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Yue Yu, Kenan Xie, Lu Xie, Yi Deng
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known as a class of drugs involved in pain relief. Since the first-time synthesis of aspirin, more than 100 varieties of NSAIDs have entered the market. NSAIDs perform anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, analgesic and antipyretic functions. It is widely known that aspirin is a typical representative of them. Aspirin is diffusely used in the treatment of osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis and various symptoms of pain [21]. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of aspirin is that aspirin can inactivate cyclooxygenase (COX), thus inhibiting the conversion of free arachidonic acid oil to prostaglandins. Therefore, modifying the PEEK surface with aspirin may be effective in suppressing the inflammatory response after implantation.
Extraction of curcuminoids from Curcuma longa: comparative study between batch extraction and novel three phase partitioning
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Sujata S. Patil, Siddhant Bhasarkar, Virendra K. Rathod
From the results, it has been observed that the anti-inflammatory activity of turmeric extract was found to be highest in Soxhlet extraction followed by TPP and batch extraction process (Figure 8). Curcuminoids yield obtained by Soxhlet method is highest as compared to TPP and batch which ultimately shows different anti-inflammatory activity obtained from different extraction methods. The results of anti-inflammatory activities were comparable with standard drug aspirin. Along with curcuminoids, others contents such as oil, oleoresin, and flavonoids may also add to the anti-inflammatory property of turmeric extract. This study will definitely contribute to the replacement of aspirin with turmeric extract in many pharmaceutical formulations.