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Marine Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Symptomatic medicines for osteoarthritis such as acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are only effective in alleviating symptoms. Unfortunately, these drugs can have serious adverse effects in certain people and are sometimes contraindicated (Utami et al., 2012). Chondroitin sulfate, alone or in combination with glucosamine, has been employed for the treatment of osteoarthritis that is better tolerated at the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal levels than NSAIDs and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors (COXIBs) (Rubio-Terrés et al., 2020). One of its primary advantages for the treatment of aging patients with comorbidities is its safety profile. If the financial implications are ignored, there is no limit to its use in osteoarthritis patients. However, caution should be applied while selecting the kind and formulation of chondroitin sulfate (Henrotin et al., 2010).
The Modulation of IL-6 Levels by Natural Products in Arthritis-Like Animal Models
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Fabiolla R.S. Passos, Marilia M. Rezende, Sathiyabama R. Gandhi, Bruno A.F. Silva, Andreza G.B. Ramos, Irwin R.A. Menezes, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Jullyana S.S. Quintans
Currently, patients diagnosed with arthritis are treated with lifestyle change, surgery and medicines that include steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), analgesics, opioids and modifiers of cartilage degradation and bone remodelling, some of which are limited by side effects (Khanna et al., 2007). NSAIDs are effective in reducing pain related to arthritis, but their use is related to the development of gastric and cardiovascular problems (Losina et al., 2013).
Liposome-Based Delivery of Therapeutic Agents
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
Eneida de Paula, Juliana Damasceno Oliveira, Fernando Freitas de Lima, Lígia Nunes de Morais Ribeiro
Anti-inflammatory agents, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are also widely used for pain control. However, adverse effects such as severe gastrointestinal tract damage are associated to the use of NSAIDs. To avoid that, the transdermal route may be an alternative, by decreasing the systemic effects, avoiding the first-pass effect and gastric degradation84,85 Since the success of transdermal or topical delivery depends on the ability of the drug to cross the skin layers, liposomes were proposed to facilitate that passage for anti-inflammatory drugs.86,87
Preparation and optimization of chitosan nanoparticles from discarded squilla (Carinosquilla multicarinata) shells for the delivery of anti-inflammatory drug: Diclofenac
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020
Akshad Balde, Abshar Hasan, Ila Joshi, R.A. Nazeer
Nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the world’s most commonly used class of medicinal drugs for reducing inflammation due to their antipyretic and analgesic effects which is shown due to suppression of the prostaglandin synthesis owning to feedback inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Diclofenac potassium (DP) (318 Da), a derivative of benzene acetic acid, is a widely used NSAID with anti–inflammatory, antirheumatic, analgesic, osteoarthritis, and antipyretic effects. The biological half-life of DP is about 1–2 hr and the usual oral dose is 50–200 mg per person for 2–4 times a day, depending upon the route of administration (Hinz et al. 2005). Therefore, it requires multiple dosages in the body for the maintenance of the therapeutic level of the drug into the blood (pH 7.4).
Preparation and characterization of ketorolac tromethamine-loaded ethyl cellulose micro-/nanospheres using different techniques
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2018
Pankaj Wagh, Arun Mujumdar, Jitendra B. Naik
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for the treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders such as dysplasia of the hip, chronic arthritis, and spondylitis. Most common side effects arise due to use of NSAIDs are ulcer and gastrointestinal tract irritation (Jelen et al. 2008; Deshmukh and Naik 2014). Ketorolac tromethamine (KTC) is a potent analgesic, and anti-inflammatory drug. Based on animal studies, it appears that KTC has relatively more pronounced analgesic activity than the other NSAIDs (Martindale 2005). Polymers are playing very important role in pharmaceutical areas, such as tissue engineering and drug delivery. Formulation of these polymers into suitable solid dosage forms plays significant role in safety, stability, and efficiency of the products. Ethyl cellulose (EC) is commonly used as a drug carrier in controlled drug delivery system (Montes et al. 2012). Ethyl cellulose is a hydrophobic polymer commonly used for the preparation of controlled release dosage form due to its wide range of practically applicable properties, such as low toxicity, good film forming ability, and relatively low cost (Song et al. 2005; Arias et al. 2007; Deshmukh and Naik 2014). The design of pharmaceutical preparations in nanoparticulate form is a new approach for oral drug delivery. Particle size and particle size distribution are critical constraints that regulate the rate of dissolution of the drug in the biological fluids (Tenorio et al. 2010).