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Microwave Method for Regeneration of Spent-Activated Carbon from Pharmaceutical Industries
Published in Kailas L. Wasewar, Sumita Neti Rao, Sustainable Engineering, Energy, and the Environment, 2022
Sumita N. Rao, Aditi S. Pandey, Mangesh S. Dhore, Pradeep P. Pipalatkar, Babubhai C. Patel
During the last few decades, there is an increased demand for pharmaceuticals in the society leading to a rapid increase in its production. The pharmaceutical industry demands an exceptional level of purity in all processing aids. Paracetamol, or 4-hydroxyacetanilide, is a widely used drug due to its analgesic and antipyretic properties. In pharmaceutical industries, the use of activated carbon is done at various process steps with an aim to obtain high purity product [1]. It removes pollutants by adsorbing them during the drug manufacturing process. The wastewater generated from the industry is highly colored due to the presence of acetaminophen, intermediate aminophenol, and its oxidation products, etc. Removal of phenol and its derivatives present in paracetamol wastewater is also achieved by the use of powder activated carbons (AC) [2].
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
One of the important roles of the liver, as noted above, is the formation of bilirubin from the red cells that die. Water soluble bilirubin is responsible for the characteristic colouration of the faeces. The failure to excrete bilirubin gives rise to yellowish discolouration of the whites of the eyes, the skin and nails and mucosal membranes, which is called jaundice. Jaundice is essentially a sign of liver failure. Several toxic compounds such as some pesticides, solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and dry cleaning fluids damage the liver cells and prevent them from functioning normally to bind the bilirubin to the glucuronide. There are many drugs used in the treatment of disease which also damage the liver cells and are termed hepatotoxic. For example, very high doses of the common drug paracetamol can cause liver damage, liver failure and jaundice. Another common and important cause of damage to liver cells that often results in liver failure is excessive alcohol (ethanol) consumption.
Advances in Osteoarthritis of the Hip
Published in K. Mohan Iyer, Hip Joint in Adults: Advances and Developments, 2018
Pratham Surya, Sriram Srinivasan, Dipen K. Menon
The recommended dosage of Paracetamol is 650 mg to 1000 mg. The dose of celecoxib is 200 mg once a day. Diclofenac and diclofenac misoprostol combination can be taken two to three times in a day a dose of 50 mg and 200 mcg, respectively. Ibuprofen can be taken thrice daily a dose strength of up to 600 mg.
Assessment of temperature-sensitive properties of ionically crosslinked sodium alginate/hydroxypropyl cellulose blend microspheres: preparation, characterization, and in vitro release of paracetamol
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Paracetamol (acetaminophen), preferred as a model drug in the study, which has analgesic and antipyretic properties with weak COX enzyme inhibition activity, is a drug used as a mild ‘aniline’ analgesic. It is rapidly absorbed from the small intestine, with 98% elimination after a single dose. For this reason, high dosing should be provided 3–4 times a day. Ponmadasamy et al. [18] prepared acetaminophen-loaded microspheres cross-linked with CaCl2 and coated them entericly with hydroxyproyl methylcellulose phthalate. Thus, they reported that these coated microspheres could be used to reduce the dosing frequency of acetaminophen by controlling drug release. However, acute overdose of paracetamol in order to maintain its plasma level can cause fatal liver damage [19,20]. For these reasons, this study was based on the creation of pH and temperature-sensitive microspheres of NaAlg and HPC and investigation of their potential for continuous delivery of paracetamol in the gastrointestinal tract.
Study of a cross-linked hydrogel of Karaya gum and Starch as a controlled drug delivery system
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Sapna Sethi, Balbir Singh Kaith, Mandeep Kaur, Neeraj Sharma, Sadhika Khullar
Starch is a semi-crystalline polymer composed of two polysaccharide units, linear amylose and branched amylopectin [10]. Starch as an economical and biodegradable material obtained from renewable resources is a potential candidate for developing such sustainable and environmental friendly materials. Starch can be chemically cross-linked to karaya gum to improve thermal and mechanical properties of hydrogels. Generally, the acrylic acid moieties are grafted over natural polymers and then grafted polymer backbones are cross-linked to synthesize hydrogels. Polyacrylic acid grafted hydrogels are hydrophilic, pH responsive and have potential to deliver the water soluble drugs to specific sites in the body [11]. The polysaccharides have always been considered as potential oral drug carriers due to their availability, easy modification, stability, safety and biodegradability [12]. Aspirin and paracetamol are widely used antipyretic and analgesic drugs with anti-inflammatory activity. The direct oral intake of these drugs may cause irritation of gastrointestinal tract, heartburn, gastritis, liver impairment etc. [13]. These drugs if loaded in hydrogel matrix can be safely delivered to body without causing any type of irritation, toxicity and other side effects.
Variability in body temperature in healthy adults and in patients receiving chemotherapy: prospective observational cohort study
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2019
J. S. Frazer, G. E. Barnes, V. Woodcock, E. Flanagan, T. Littlewood, R. J. Stevens, S. Fleming, H. F. Ashdown
We collected basic details from each participant, including age, sex, medical conditions, and any regular medication. We provided each participant with a digital electronic thermometer (Omron Eco Temp Smart, OMRON Healthcare UK Ltd., Milton Keynes, UK), and a paper diary in which to record their temperature readings. We asked participants to use the thermometer to measure their oral temperature up to three times a day for three weeks. The diary included space for the date and time of the recording, the measured temperature, and any additional information (e.g., regarding concurrent symptoms such as feeling feverish) that the participant felt was important. We also asked participants to record any use of antipyretic medication (paracetamol or NSAIDs), although we did not ask them to record whether this was taken for fever or pain relief. Participants returned completed diaries to the study team in prepaid envelopes.