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Green Synthesized Nanoparticles for Sustainable Agriculture
Published in Gustavo Molina, Zeba Usmani, Minaxi Sharma, Abdelaziz Yasri, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology, 2023
Divya Mittal, Reena V Saini, Rahul Thakur, Soumya Pal, Joydeep Das, Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Adesh K Saini
The solvent-based extraction method is the most widely used to obtain natural products. In this method, plant soluble metabolites are separated from insoluble materials by using a suitable solvent. Another critical method is microwave-assisted extraction in which separation of analytes is done by using microwave energy. As in microwave, due to the interaction between polarizable and polar compounds like water and plant materials, a large amount of heat is produced (Azwanida 2015; Bhat et al. 2020). Apart from this, maceration extraction is also used for the extraction of metabolites, and it involves three steps: (a) crushing the plant parts into small pieces, (b) selection of appropriate solvent based on the polarity of the compound and its addition to the plant part in a closed vessel and soaking it at room temperature for three days, and (c) separation of the liquid phase by filtration (Trusheva et al. 2007; Oroian et al. 2020).
Drug Discovery from Natural Products
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
S.E. Bianchi, L.A. Frank, I.A. Alves, M.R. Serafini
Natural products are used worldwide to prevent and treat different diseases. These products, derived from various plant species, have been the most explored source for developing new medicines (Ahuja et al. 2020). Currently, the most researched molecules are those with anticancer and anti-infectious activity. Some drugs are known worldwide: morphine (analgesic activity), erythromycin (antibiotic activity), cyclosporine (immunosuppressive activity) and artemisinin (antimalarial activity) are examples of natural substances with consolidated uses in medicine.
The Prelude of Green Syntheses of Drugs and Natural Products
Published in Ahindra Nag, Greener Synthesis of Organic Compounds, Drugs and Natural Products, 2022
Leonardo Xochicale-Santana, C. C. Vidyasagar, Blanca M. Muñoz-Flores, Víctor M. Jiménez Pérez
Natural products, such as plants, minerals, and animals, have been commonly used to treat several diseases since ancient times. There are records dating back thousands of years that indicate people having used certain drugs for medical purposes. Medicinal plants and microorganisms have long been the main source of medicines. Plants contain a vast array of natural products with a wide range of structures. In contrast to the “main metabolites,” which are required for plant growth and development, these products are referred to as “secondary metabolites.” Secondary metabolites were once thought of as “waste products” that had no physiological purpose for the plant. However, it became clear about 30 years ago, with the advent of the field of chemical ecology, that these natural products play an important role in the relationship between plants and their biotic and abiotic climate. Natural products are compounds that occur naturally and are end products of primary metabolites; they are often special compounds for specific species.60 They are plant chemicals that have protective or disease-preventive properties but are non-nutritive. They are non-essential nutrients, which means that the human body does not need them for survival. Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoid, and cardiac glycosides are the most common phytochemicals (secondary metabolites).61
Deep eutectic solvents aqueous two-phase system based ultrasonically assisted extraction of ursolic acid (UA) from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr.
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2019
Xifeng Zhang, Guixiang Teng, Ji Zhang
Because of the good biological activity, separation of UA from C. songaricum Rupr. has received more attention. Many methods, such as organic solvent extraction (Chen et al., 2014; Baranauskaitė et al., 2016), ethanol/non-aqueous solvent by direct-heating extraction (Fan et al., 2016), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) (Chen et al., 2007), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) (Verma et al., 2016; Zhong et al., 2016; Fernandez-Pastor et al., 2017), enzymatic extraction (EE) (Zhou et al., 2017), and subcritical water extraction (SWE) (Mlyuka et al., 2016) have been used to extract UA from natural products. However, these techniques have disadvantages of large amounts of organic solvents, long extraction time, and high energy consumption. Meanwhile, aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS), as a highly efficient and mild bioseparation technique, are composed of two kinds of immiscibility polymers or one polymer and salts (Falcon-Millan et al., 2017; Murari et al., 2017). When the concentration of chemical reagents reaches a certain value, two incompatible phases are formed. Extraction techniques with ATPS have been widely used in the separation and purification of biomolecules (de Barros et al., 2016; Rahimpour et al., 2016; Falcon-Millan et al., 2017; Murari et al., 2017).
Characterization of the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, enzyme inhibition, and anticancer properties of Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow)
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2022
Nagihan Karaaslan Ayhan, Merve Goksin Karaaslan Tunc, Samir Abbas Ali Noma, Ali Kurucay, Burhan Ates
Natural products (plants, fruits, herbs, spices, and flowers) are consumed because they are believed to be safe and beneficial. These products are used as additives in many products due to their antioxidant properties.[4] Today, natural products with antioxidant potential are still being investigated. However, studies have shown that the antioxidant activities of many natural products are variable. The difference in results may be due to genetic and environmental conditions as well as sample preparation.
Neuroprotective role of herbal alternatives in circumventing Alzheimer’s disease through multi-targeting approach - a review
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Sunil K Ravi, Balenahalli Narasingappa Ramesh, Shilpa Kj, Jagadesha Poyya, Jyothsna Karanth, N.G Raju, Chandrashekhar G Joshi
Since time immemorial, natural products have been used as medicine for many ailments. Natural products are molecules with diverse functions and have been the source of most active constituents in medicine [19,20]. They are said to be the most successful basis of drug leads with lesser toxicity [21,22]. Natural products may be derived from plants, animals, or microorganisms. Most herbal medicines are complex and constitute many chemical components, which possess diverse biological and pharmacological activities.