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Bioactive Proteins and Peptides from Agro-Industrial Waste
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Parmjit S. Panesar, Valorization of Agro-Industrial Byproducts, 2023
Nuntarat Boonlao, Thatchajaree Mala, Sushil Koirala, Anil Kumar Anal
Supercritical extraction is characterized by the occurrence of changes in temperature and pressure such that gas turns into a supercritical fluid, resulting in the formation of a distinct liquid and gas phase. The solvent supercritical fluid flow takes place with a transfer mass where solvent convection is the dominant transport mechanism (Soquetta, Terra, and Bastos, 2018). While other new extraction techniques are still in the research stages, SpFE has already left the laboratory since it has previously been used in the industry. Furthermore, owing to its unique properties, CO2 is the most commonly utilized solvent in SpFE. This is due to its low critical temperature and pressure (31.1°C and 7.38 MPa, respectively), which is crucial for the preservation of bioactive compounds in extracts, along with being an inert solvent, as reported by Chemat et al. (2019). Carbon dioxide is non-toxic, cheap, non-explosive, widely available, easily extracted, and well suited for separation purposes (Freitas et al., 2021). Figure 7.8 demonstrates the extraction of a selected sample using SpFE.
Properties and Conversion Technologies of Biomass
Published in Jacqueline A. Stagner, David S-K. Ting, Green Energy and Infrastructure, 2020
Yaning Zhang, Wenming Fu, Pingfei Xu, Bingxi Li, Baocheng Jiang
Extraction refers to a process in which the desired substance is selectively removed from the raw materials by allowing the desired substance to dissolve into the solvent and subsequently recovering the substance from the solvent (Naik et al., 2010). To remove the particular substance from biomass, extraction and separation are both essential. Typically, biomass (wood, wheat straw, aromatic grasses, etc.) contains high volume of macromolecular compounds (polysaccharide, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, etc.) which are called primary metabolite. The other low-volume and high-value chemical molecules such as terpenoids, waxes, resins, sterols, and alkaloids are known as secondary metabolites or extractive biomass. In the biorefinery process, these chemicals are initially extracted from biomass by using solvent extraction (Naik et al., 2010).
A Comparison of Gas Chromatographic and Immunochemical Methods for Quantifying Resin Acids
Published in Mark R. Servos, Kelly R. Munkittrick, John H. Carey, Glen J. Van Der Kraak, and PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS, 2020
Kai Li, Tao Chen, Paul Bicho, Colette Breuil, John N. Saddler
The accurate detection of resin acids in pulp mill effluents is crucial for the evaluation of the environmental impact of these compounds. Even though several methods of resin acid analysis have been reported, the primary method of choice is gas chromatography (GC), which requires extraction of analytes from a sample matrix, derivatization to increase analyte volatility, and separation and quantification by capillary GC (Zinkel and Engler 1977; Foster and Zinkel 1982). Extraction is usually performed by either liquid-liquid extraction or solid phase extraction. Derivatization methods for GC analysis include ethylation (NCASI 1986) or methylation (Voss and Rapsomatiotis 1985) for flame ionization detector (FID) or pentafluorbenzylation when using an electron capture detector (ECD) (Lee et al. 1990).
A review of extraction and quantification of capsaicin and its bio insecticidal activity in food grains
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Ancy A., Kanimozhi N. V., Ashok Kumar S., R. Palpandi Raja, Sukumar M.
Chemicals can be separated by solvent extraction according to their relative solubilities. A solvent, or liquid capable of dissolving another chemical, is required for this method. A solid–liquid extraction procedure includes both the touching (mixing) and the separating of the two phases (solvent and dried pepper). Capsaicin can be extracted using solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile. Chinn et al.[12] extracted capsaicin from oven-dried, fresh, and lyophilized preparations using biomass filler: solvent (15% (w/v) dependent on the original moisture content of the pepper samples (0.5 g dry weight). Samples were taken every 20 min while the mixes of samples and solvents were homogenized and maintained in 50 °C water baths with stirring for 24 h in glass conical tubes.[12] Preliminary studies showed that capsaicin yields did not significantly differ at durations longer than 1 h. The samples were prepared by vacuum filtration and kept at −20 °C until HPLC analysis.
Removal of AAEMs from high alkali coal under supercritical CO2 fluid-citric acid extraction system
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Junwei Guo, Mingrui Zhang, Guanghui Yan, Zhenxing Zhang, Pengfei Zhao, Mengyao Guo, Bo Zhang
In recent years, supercritical fluid extraction has begun to be applied to the extraction of various metal elements (Ding et al. 2017; Leybros et al. 2017). It is a potential extraction technology which uses supercritical fluid as extraction solvent to separate the extracted matter from the sample matrix. Compared with the normal temperature and pressure leaching process, it has the advantages of faster extraction speed and higher extraction rate, and can minimize the use of organic solvents and the production of waste solvents (Reisdörfer, Bertuol, and Tanabe 2020). CO2 is the most used solvent for supercritical fluid extraction due to the advantages of critical temperature close to room temperature, low critical pressure, chemical inertness, wide source and low price (Das et al. 2018). Supercritical CO2 fluid has lower viscosity and higher diffusion rate, making it effective to extract solute from solid or liquid matrix (Krivonos and Belskaya 2020). With such excellent properties, supercritical CO2 fluid extraction technology has a wide range of application prospects in mineral processing (van Dyk et al. 2022; Yuan et al. 2022).
The antibacterial and aroma finishing of cotton fabrics by mentha pipertia extract
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Subrata Das, Arunava Das, R. Thamarai Selvan, S. Ananda Raj, Bindhu J
The collected Mentha piperita were shadow dried within a temperature range of 37–40 °C. Mentha piperita should not be dried under the sun because it may breakdown the medicinal properties. The moisture content of the Mentha piperita collected was reduced to less than 14% with proper drying since most of the herbs have moisture content of 60–80% and cannot be stored without drying. Proper drying has to be carried out otherwise important compounds may get contaminated. After drying, the grinding was carried out to break down the leaves of the plant in to small units. Extraction refers to separating the desired material by physical or chemical means with the aid of a solvent. Antibacterial active substances were extracted from the plant by ethanolic extraction method. The powdered plant material was extracted with ethanol by adding 150 grams of Mentha piperita powder in 250 mL of ethanol. The Ethanolic extract of Mentha piperita was prepared with soxhlet apparatus. Mentha piperita powder of 250 g was packed in whatman filter paper and placed inside the thimble which is loaded into the main chamber of soxhlet extractor. Distillation flask was filled with 250 ml of ethanol and was placed in the heating mantle. The soxhlet extractor was placed on the top of the flask. The various concentrations of the extract were obtained i.e. at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The ethanol was evaporated from the extract at 78 °C using distillation process for 30 min. The ethanol free filtrate was used for further application and analysis.