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Antimicrobial Resistance in Agriculture
Published in Gustavo Molina, Zeba Usmani, Minaxi Sharma, Abdelaziz Yasri, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology, 2023
Vijay Laxmi Shrivas, P. Hariprasad, Anil K. Choudhary, Shilpi Sharma
Since the 19th century, antimicrobial compounds produced by microorganisms to kill other microbes have been termed “antibiotics” (Waksman 1947). Antibiotics include a wide variety of natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic chemicals. Based on the mode of action against pathogens, antibiotics are either cidal (killing of microbes) or static (inhibiting the growth of microbes). Their effectiveness against pathogens categorizes them as broad or narrow range antibiotics (Martínez 2012; Milić et al. 2013). A narrow range antibiotic refers to one with efficiency against selective microbial species, whereas broad range antibiotics are effective against a range of microbial infections. Further, antibiotics can be classified based on their mechanisms of action, such as inhibition of synthesis of cell wall, proteins, and nucleic acids, alteration of cell membrane structure and permeability, and so on (Kümmerer 2009).
Polymeric Materials and Their Components for Biomedical Applications
Published in Savaş Kaya, Sasikumar Yesudass, Srinivasan Arthanari, Sivakumar Bose, Goncagül Serdaroğlu, Materials Development and Processing for Biomedical Applications, 2022
Natural polymers, cellulose, starch, proteins, resins, etc. are found in living things. Natural polymers which are chemically modified are called semi-synthetic polymers; examples include cellulose derivatives. Linear polymers are formed when monomers couple together as straight chains end to end (polythene and polyvinyl chloride). Branched-chain polymers are linear polymers that contain branches which are replaced by a substituent such as hydrogen atom monomers. The combination of bi- and tri-functional monomers or crosslinking between different polymers chains by the covalent bond is called crosslinked polymers. Additional polymers are prepared by repeatedly adding the monomers. Condensation polymers are formed by the condensation (elimination of water, alcohol) mechanism of different monomeric units. Elastomers are polymers having weak intermolecular forces which possess both viscosity and elasticity. Thermosetting polymers are soft solids that irreversibly transform into insoluble polymers and are not reusable. The conventional and advanced techniques used to fabricate the biomedical devices with different polymeric composites are shown in Figure 7.2.
Simple and rapid determination of cephalexin by digital colorimetry using a laboratory-developed smartphone application
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2022
Anastasiia V. Tumskaia, Ilya V. Loginov, Roman S. Tumskiy, Irina V. Kosyreva
Cephalexin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic from the group of cephalosporins, which is active against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. [1] Сephalosporins, like penicillins, inhibit transpeptidase, which are involved in the synthesis of the bacterial cell membrane. The β-lactam ring of cephalosporins is condensed with a six-membered thiazine ring and acts as a pharmacophore group. Currently, in medicine, cephalexin is used for the treatment infections of the genitourinary system (pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis), infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract (bronchitis, acute pneumonia), skin infections, and soft tissues (furunculosis, abscess, phlegmon).[2,3] Cephalexin is included in the World Health Organization (WHO) List of Essential Medicines.[4]
Treatment of simulated industrial pharmaceutical wastewater containing amoxicillin antibiotic via advanced oxidation processes
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Joyce F. de Carvalho, José Ermírio F. de Moraes
Among the different pharmaceutical products, antibiotics, when present in wastewaters, have attracted more attention due to its ecotoxicological effects and the potential to enable the generation of resistant pathogenic microorganisms, via the genetic selection of species, leading to a major public health issue [1–10]. Another important factor is the high consumption of these type of drugs. In Brazil, for example, amoxicillin is the most sold antibiotic [11]. Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic aminopenicillin, belonging to the class of β-lactam antibiotics, used for its broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, being widely used in human and veterinary medicine, with antimicrobial property derived from the β-lactam ring [12–14]. Amoxicillin, like other antibiotics of the same class, acts by inhibiting the biosynthesis of the cell wall causing osmotic lysis.
Degradation of ticarcillin by subcritical water oxidation method: Application of response surface methodology and artificial neural network modeling
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
As the most common antibiotics class, β-lactams are effective drugs for their antimicrobial activities based on the β-lactam ring and attached side chains.[7,8] However, they have been identified in various concentration levels (ppb and ppm) in aquatic environments.[8,9] Ticarcillin (Ticar) is an effective kind of broad-spectrum semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics and widely used against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.[10,11] Moreover, Ticar is one of the 6 most consumed antibiotics for treatment of patients in the oncology department.[12]