China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cold-active Microfungi and Their Industrial Applications
Published in Ajar Nath Yadav, Ali Asghar Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, Microbiomes of Extreme Environments, 2021
Microfungi have been recognized as important sources of diverse types of medicines (Beekman and Barrow 2014) and cosmetics (Hyde et al. 2010). Antibacterial penicillin from Penicillium chrysogenum and antifungal griseofulvin from Penicillium griseofulvin are the pioneer products of their classes. Cold-active microfungi thus obviously need attention for two reasons; first they have innate potential to produce these molecules and second the varied stressful conditions they had been continuously exposed to during evolution are usually conducive to evolve diverse types of active biomolecules. On the contrary cold-active bacteria have long been studied as a source of new biomolecules of pharmaceutical and cosmetic importance (Tomova et al. 2015; Yadav et al. 2018a).
Antimicrobial Activity of Nanotechnological Products
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Leonardo Quintana Soares Lopes, MÁrcia Ebling De Souza, Rodrigo De Almeida Vaucher, Roberto Christ Vianna Santos
Antifungal drugs are considerably fewer in number because of emergence of newer pathogenic fungi causing deep-seated mycosis. Clinically used major groups of antifungal agents are polyene antibiotics, azole derivatives, allylamines-thiocarbamates, morpholines and miscellaneous compounds such as 5-fluorocytosine and griseofulvin. Polyenes and azoles are most commonly used. Polyene antifungal agents used for the treatment of human diseases are amphotericin B (AmB) nystatin and natamycin. The only parenteral preparation with broad range of antifungal activity is AmB. Over the past several years, augmented efforts in both basic and clinical antifungal pharmacology have resulted in a number of exclusively new, reengineered or reconsidered compounds, which are at various stages of preclinical and early clinical development (Georgopapadakou and Walsh, 1996; Hay, 1994; Maesaki, 2002).
Conversion of Natural Products from Renewable Resources in Pharmaceuticals by Cytochromes P450
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Giovanna Di Nardo, Gianfranco Gilardi
Ring-coupling reactions catalyzed by cytochromes P450 are also important in the synthesis of antifungal agents, as in the case of the polyketide griseofulvin. This spirocyclic molecule was first isolated from the mold Penicillium griseofulvum, where the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome P450 GsfF is essential for formation of the grisan scaffold (Cacho et al., 2013). After the identification of the enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway, it was possible to use them in vitro to obtain this compound from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA (Cacho et al., 2013).
Efficient antibacterial activity in copper oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized via Jasminum sambac flower extract
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
Manisha Khandelwal, Ashok Kumawat, Kamakhya Prakash Misra, Rama Kanwar Khangarot
For the antifungal activity, griseofulvin and nystatin were taken as standard drugs. The CuSO4·5H2O and Cu(NO3)2·3H2O derived CuO NPs demonstrated excellent results, while CuCl2·2H2O and Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O precursor-based nanoparticles showed equivalent activity against C. albicans (MTCC 227). All four samples exhibited poor activity against A. niger (MTCC 282) and A. clavatus (MTCC 1323) fungal strains. The poor antifungal activity may be observed due to the chitin, a key component of the fungal cell wall. Chitin is a fibrous substance comprised of polysaccharides having N-acetylglucosamine, which is extra rigid to permit the path for CuO NPs from the outer layer of the cell wall to the interior layer (Yugandhar et al. 2017).
Quality of indoor air environment and hygienic practices are potential vehicles for bacterial contamination in University cafeteria: case study from Haramaya University, Ethiopia
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Bacterial samples were collected from the cafeteria’s indoor environment following the passive air sampling technique (the settle plate method) using 9 cm diameter petri dishes (Napoli et al. 2012). Petri dishes containing a nutrient agar culture medium and an antifungal agent (Griseofulvin) were placed on the tables (1 m above the floor and 1 m away from any obstacle) and exposed to the air (Hayleeyesus et al. 2015). In order to compare the bacterial load in different sections of the cafeteria, samples were collected from the baking room (n = 3), sauce making room (n = 3) and dining room (n = 3). To determine the relationships between duration of exposure and bacterial load, the exposure time was set to 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min. The exposure time was selected by considering the duration that students could spend in the cafeteria, which is usually between 30 min and 90 min (Student service director office of the CHMS). For each sampling room and duration of exposure, there was one control. Accordingly, a total of 36 samples (including the controls) were collected (Table 1). To explore the bacterial load in relation to the existing environmental conditions, sampling was done 1 h before lunch. Ventilation systems (doors and windows) were also opened. Furthermore, the disturbance of indoor air was reduced by limiting the movement of people during sampling.
Ozone treatment process for the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2019
N. Evelin Paucar, Ilho Kim, Hiroaki Tanaka, Chikashi Sato
Among the 37 PPCPs detected in the secondary effluent, the remaining 9 PPCPs are crotamiton, sulpiride, DEET, theophylline, furosemide, pirenzepine, ifenprodil, griseofulvin, and chloramphenicol, which belong to the anti-itch drug, anti-psychotic drug, insect repellent, bronchodilator, diuretic, peptic ulcer drug, NMDA receptor antagonist, antifungal drug, and antimicrobial drug, respectively. The concentrations of these PPCPs are presented in Figure 8. Furosemide was degraded (≤LOD) at the ozone dose of 1 mg L−1 (HRT = 5 min) indicating that furosemide is very susceptible to O3. On the other hand, DEET resisted to O3, as it was not degraded (≤LOD) at the ozone dose of 9 mg L−1 (HRT = 15 min), the largest dose applied in this study. Nonetheless, the concentration of DEET decreased by 70% (146.8–43.7 ng L−1), 92% (151.8–11.6 ng L−1), and 98% (135.6–2.8 ngL−1) at the ozone doses of 3 mg L−1, 6 mg L−1, and 9 mg L−1, respectively, in Run 3. The relatively low removal efficiencies (i.e., 40–60%) of DEET was reported by Sui et al. (2014). Other studies also showed low DEET removals efficiencies: that is, 30% (Yang et al. 2011) and 41% (Nakada et al. 2007) in WWTPs. Pirenzepine, crotamiton, sulpiride, and ifenprodil appear to fall in the groups between “sensitive” and “insensitive” to O3. Pirenzepine and crotamiton were degraded (≤LOD) at the ozone dose of 3 mg L−1 (HRT = 5 min) or the ozone dose of 4 mg L−1 (HRT = 10 min) to be degraded (≤LOD