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Enterobacter sp. CZ-1 isolated from an arsenic-contaminated paddy soil
Published in Yong-Guan Zhu, Huaming Guo, Prosun Bhattacharya, Jochen Bundschuh, Arslan Ahmad, Ravi Naidu, Environmental Arsenic in a Changing World, 2019
The extensive use of the organoarsenical 3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzene arsonic acid (roxarsone; Rox[V]) as a feed additive in the poultry industry can lead to increasing arsenic contamination of soil and water environments (Nachman et al., 2005; O’Conner et al., 2005). Previous studies using chicken feces and sewage sludge show that microbes play significant roles in degrading Rox(V) in the environment (Cortinas et al., 2006; Stolz et al., 2007). Stolz et al. (2007) reported that Clostridium species were mainly responsible for Rox(V) degradation under anaerobic conditions in their enrichment cultures obtained from chicken litter. They also isolated an anaerobic Rox(V)-degrading bacterium Clostridium OhILAs (Stolz et al., 2007). Two other anaerobic bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, have also been found to possess the Rox(V) degradation ability (Chen et al., 2016; Han et al., 2017). Roxarsone biodegradation activity of an aerobic microbial consortium has also been demonstrated (Guzman-Fierro et al., 2015), but to date no strains of aerobic microbes capable of Ros(V) degradation have been isolated. The degradation pathway under aerobic conditions remains unknown. In this study, we isolated and characterized an aerobic Rox(V)-degrading strain of Enterobacter, named CZ-1, and propose a novel biodegradation pathway.
Animal Waste Pollutants
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Nancy E. Whiting, Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), 2007
Frank R. Spellman, Nancy E. Whiting
Trace elements in manure can impact plants, aquatic organisms, and terrestrial organisms. While many of the trace elements are essential nutrients at low concentrations, they can have significant ecotoxicological effects at elevated concentrations. For example, metals such as zinc (a feed additive) can accumulate in soil and become toxic to plants at high concentrations Arsenic, copper, and selenium are other feed additives that can produce aquatic and terrestrial toxicity at elevated concentrations Bottom-feeding birds can be quite susceptible to metal toxicity because they are attracted to shallow feedlot wastewater ponds and waters adjacent to feedlots. Metals can remain in aquatic ecosystems for long periods because of adsorption to suspended or bed sediments or uptake by aquatic biota.
Arsenic Poisoning through Ages
Published in M. Manzurul Hassan, Arsenic in Groundwater, 2018
Arsenic is intentionally added to the feed of chickens raised for human consumption. Arsenic is used as a feed additive in poultry and swine production to increase weight gain, improve feed efficiency, and prevent diseases (Nachman et al., 2005). Organic arsenic compounds are less toxic than pure arsenic and promote the growth of chickens. Under some conditions, arsenic in chicken feed is converted to the toxic inorganic form (Gray, 2012). Roxarsone, for example, had been used as a broiler starter, but it was banned in industrial swine and poultry production since elevated levels of inorganic arsenic were found in treated chickens.
Green in the deep blue: deep eutectic solvents as versatile systems for the processing of marine biomass
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Colin McReynolds, Amandine Adrien, Natalia Castejon, Susana C. M. Fernandes
The properties of DESs depend on the individual species of which they are composed, and the ratio in which they form eutectic systems. Currently, the most common DESs are choline chloride-based, where the compound acts as an HBA (see examples in Figure 2). Choline chloride (ChCl) is a quaternary ammonium salt with choline cation and chloride anion, the choline cation is widely produced as an animal feed additive, and is considered an essential dietary nutrient (vitamin B4) for human health (32). ChCl-based DESs are generally acidic (33). Although most DESs are hydrophilic, recently hydrophobic DESs have been developed (34, 35). Terpenes such as menthol and thymol appear to be the best candidates for making sustainable and low-cost hydrophobic solvents (36), although many others exist (37).
Contamination features and health risk of heavy metals in suburban vegetable soils, Yanbian, Northeast China
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Lei Liu, Zhengwu Cui, Yang Wang, Yu Rui, Yang Yang, Yanbo Xiao
PC3 explained 16.1% of the total variance with the primary contributor of arsenic. Anthropogenic activities, such as the application of pesticides and livestock manures, irrigated with contaminated industry sewage, atmospheric dry, and wet deposition, etc., were the main sources for As accumulated in soils. Arsenic was generally used in many pesticides to strengthen insecticidal efficacy (Plumlee 2002). Some studies reported that excess application of pesticides or fungicides might result in As enrichment in topsoil (Plumlee 2002; Chen et al. 2008; Shomar et al., 2006). In the present study, it was found that intensive vegetable production caused great pressures to use plenty of insecticides for protecting vegetable against insect infestation. Arsenic has been used as feed additive for livestock and poultry diseases control and weight improvement (Luo et al. 2009). The contents of the trace metal in animal manures consequently increased with the usage of the feed additives. Industry activities might be another potential source of As accumulation in suburban soils, such as contaminated irrigation water by mining and smelting industries, atmospheric dry and wet deposition, and steel industry (Bhuiyan et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2016; Kwon et al. 2017). It is well known that most of the industries are closely related to coal combustion. So, high-temperature industrial processes become a predominant source of trace metals in atmosphere in China with the rapid social and economic progress (Luo et al. 2009). The disposal of mine waste often produced environmental problems; the pollutants might be transferred from tailings and mine waste dump to nearby soils by acid mine drainage and/or atmospheric deposition of fly ash (López et al. 2008). Hence, the third component could be classified as anthropogenic source related to excessive application of pesticides and industry activities.