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Three Refineries
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
Cumene, also known as isopropyl benzene, forms from the reaction of benzene with propylene in the presence of a catalyst. Cumene is primarily used as feedstock to manufacture phenol and acetone. Phenol is a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group-OH attached and is a member of the alcohol family used to make phenolic resins, as feed for epoxy and polycarbonate resins, and as feedstock for nylon. Acetone is a solvent and chemical intermediate, and the simplest ketone. Ketones are a family of organic compounds that have a carbon atom with a double-bonded oxygen attached. The convention for naming them is to refer to the alkyl groups attached to the ketone signature. Acetone, MEK, and MIBK are three commercially traded ketones.
Pharmaceuticals
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The starting material, cumene (isopropyl benzene, 2-phenylpropane, or 1-methylethyl benzene) for both of these processes is produced by the gas-phase reaction (Friedel–Crafts alkylation) of benzene by propylene. In the process, benzene and propylene are compressed together to a pressure in the order of 450 psi 250°C (482°F) in presence of a Lewis acid catalyst (such as an aluminum halide—a phosphoric acid (H3PO4) catalyst) is often favored over an aluminum halide catalyst. Cumene is a colorless, volatile liquid with a gasoline-like odor. It is a natural component of coal tar and crude oil, and also can be used as a blending component in gasoline.
Solvent Exposure and Toxic Responses
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Benzene is still currently widely used in manufacturing, for extraction in chemical analyses, and as a specialty solvent. Approximately half the benzene produced is used to synthesize ethyl benzene for the production of styrene. Toluene and the xylenes are two of the most widely used industrial solvents used in paints, adhesives, and the formulation of pesticides. Ethyl benzene is used chiefly as an intermediate in the manufacture of plastics and rubber. Cumene is used to manufacture phenol and acetone.
Robust control of isopropyl benzene production process using H ∞ loop shaping control scheme
Published in Journal of Control and Decision, 2022
Vinila Mundakkal Lakshmanan, Aparna Kallingal, Sreepriya Sreekumar
The main objective of the cumene reactor is the complete conversion of propylene to produce cumene. Benzene is alkalised with propylene to produce cumene in the presence of a catalyst named solid phosphoric acid (SPA). The control terms can be incorporated to alleviate certain drawbacks though the process can be completed by a simple open loop controller. Besides, the steady-state errors due to the variation in the input concentration cannot be taken into account by open loop control. Hence an appropriate feedback control is used for the regulation. The output concentration variations are normally handled by conventional controllers (Proportional Integral or Proportional Integral Derivative) where its output is compared to the standard concentration. Output concentration regulation is achieved by inserting a feedback control. A PI controller in conventional mode operating on the concentration error can be used as the concentration loop which is aimed to provide a better performance and robustness to the system. The main difference between the conventional control strategy and the control scheme is in relation to the attainment of improved performance (Doyle et al., 1989). The control goals in the control strategy can be designed to include the complete conversion of the propylene. It would thus appear that the control strategy could be a good solution to maximise the selectivity without affecting the stability of the system (De Souza & De Souza, 2015).
Synthesis of biobased phenolic resins using catalytic pyrolysis oil and its effect on oriented strand board performance
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2020
Erkan Sami KOKTEN, Günay Özbay, Nadir Ayrilmis
Today, crude oil is the main resource to produce phenol. Phenol has been produced from cumene in multi-step procedures. Cumene is obtained from the alkylation of benzene with propylene over an acid catalyst. Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins are formed by the reaction of phenol and formaldehyde. PF resins are grouped as resols or novolacs depending on the type of catalyst that are used in the synthesis of the resin. They have been widely used as an adhesive by the wood industry is because of its number of advantages, such as high strength and extremely resistant to the moisture of the cured resin. However, they are relatively expensive, price and availability depend on petroleum, as compared with urea formaldehyde (UF) and melamine formaldehyde (MF) [17–21]. Many researchers have focused on the use of pyrolytic liquid as a substitute of phenol for the production of bio-based resins [20, 22–28]. However, bio-oil contains various types of organic compounds including aldehydes, phenols, ketones, acids, furans, benzenes, alcohols and alkanes. Molecular weights of these compounds mostly concentrated in the middle and heavy fractions. These fractions have probably limited the use of bio-oil in the resin synthesis. Therefore, the use of suitable catalysts could be beneficial for cracking the middle and heavy fractions to smaller fractions of the bio-oil [16, 29, 30].