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Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
Hydrolytic stability is a major consideration for all esters. Possibly one of the reasons for the popularity of the isopropyl alcohol esters of fatty acids in preference to similar esters that can be made from a low-molecular-weight acid (such as propionic acid) and a fatty alcohol, is their improved hydrolytic stability. It is important to consider that when an ester such as isopropyl myristate does hydrolyze, the resulting products are isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid. However, when an ester such as myristyl propionate hydrolyzes, the resulting components are myristyl alcohol and propionic acid. In this example, isopropyl alcohol would have a much more agreeable odor than propionic acid. Additionally, the propionic acid will lower the product pH possibly to a point where it will be detrimental to the product or consumer.
Cartridge Filtration
Published in Michael J. Matteson, Clyde Orr, Filtration, 2017
Tadeusz Jaroszczyk, Barry M. Verdegan, Kendall McBroom
The bubble test is one of the simplest and most useful of the cartridge filter tests. Figure 30 shows a typical bubble test stand. The test consists of sealing the element as shown and completely submerging it to a depth of 1.25 cm in a wetting liquid (usually isopropyl alcohol). After 5 min the inside of the element is pressurized with air to a predetermined value. The element is then rotated 360° and examined for persistent streams of air bubbles. Evidence of air bubble streams indicates that the medium has fractures or that the element was improperly constructed. The bubble test is routinely utilized as a quality control tool. Closely related techniques are used to obtain an indication of the pore size of filter media. These methods are discussed in the next section.
Preparatory Processes Before Printing
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Principles of Textile Printing, 2023
Non-scourable oils are difficult to remove from cotton, giving rise to uneven dyeing. The oil, grease and tar stains are generally removed by spotting on the stained portion with a stain remover comprising emulsified solvents in liquid forms. The solvents may be isopropyl alcohol. The emulsifier may be anionic (such as sulfated oils or alkyl aryl sulfonates) or nonionic (ethylene oxide condensates). The stains are spotted with the stain remover, rubbed, left for a short time and then washed. The treated area should not be dried before washing.
Assessment of occupational exposure to nebulized isopropyl alcohol as disinfectant during aseptic compounding of parenteral cytotoxic drugs in cleanrooms
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2021
Roland B. van den Berg, Stan de Poot, Eleonora L. Swart, Mirjam Crul
Alcohols like ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) are widely used in healthcare settings as a disinfectant because of their antimicrobial activity against a broad-spectrum of microorganisms (Yoo 2018). In most hospital pharmacies IPA is used in a concentration of 70% to disinfect drugs vials, materials, and surfaces of LAF cabinets (Salvage et al. 2014; World Health Organization 2010). The health and safety guideline of the Dutch federation of academic medical hospitals strongly recommends not to nebulize disinfectants (De Nederlandse Federatie van Universitair Medische Centra (NFU)), because exposure to nebulized IPA can result in irritating effects on the respiratory tract and eyes (The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)). IPA impregnated wipes can be used as first disinfection material to refrain from nebulizing disinfectants. On the other hand, avoiding IPA impregnated wipes can be necessary to prevent the carry-over or spreading of cytotoxic traces. Multiple studies showed that the outside of cytotoxic drugs vial contains traces of cytotoxic drugs (Connor et al. 2005; Favier et al. 2003; Fleury-Souverain et al. 2014; Gilbar 2005; Hedmer et al. 2005; Mason et al. 2003; Naito et al. 2012; Nygren et al. 2002; Schierl et al. 2010; Touzin et al. 2008). The use of wipes can result in occupational exposure as well as carry-over or spreading of the cytotoxic contamination to other surfaces, because the gloved fingers of the technician must touch the outside of these vials. Carry-over of cytotoxic drugs in the cleanroom is a known risk (Crul and Simons-Sanders 2018).