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Eczema
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
Isopropyl alcohol or denatured ethyl alcohol is extensively used in hospitals for cleansing the skin. Contact sensitivity to alcohol is uncommon, but may occur. Agents added to denatured alcohol are neither potent nor frequent sensitizers. Hexachlorophene, once a very popular disinfectant, rarely caused contact allergy. It is now recommended that its use be restricted because it has various systemic effects including neurotoxicity. Chlorhexidine is a common disinfectant with a low sensitizing capacity. Accidental sensitization to benzalkonium chloride used as a disinfectant for the skin and sometimes for surgical instruments has occurred, but is probably rare among hospital personnel. Iodine compounds such as tincture of iodine and iodoform are sensitizers and may give rise to systemic effects. Povidone iodine (Betadine®) is said to be a safe disinfectant, although allergic contact dermatitis has been reported in connection with its use. Hospital personnel may be exposed to formaldehyde when it is used for sterilizing instruments, as a disinfectant, or in laboratories for fixing tissues. Formaldehyde is a primary irritant and a fairly common sensitizer. Glutaraldehyde used for sterilization of instruments has caused contact sensitivity among hospital personnel. The disinfectant dodecyl-di-(amino-ethyl) glycine which is marketed under various trade names (Tego®, Tego® 103G, Desimex®, and Ampholyt G®) may sensitize hospital workers.
Occupational Health and Safety
Published in Terry Jacobs, Andrew A. Signore, Good Design Practices for GMP Pharmaceutical Facilities, 2016
Laboratory and manufacturing operations associated with pharmaceutical manufacturing activities may require the use of chemicals that exhibit both acute and chronic toxicity. Many of these chemicals are standard reagents, including acetone and acetyl nitrile, and may be used in laboratories. In addition, alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ethanol, and methylene chloride may be used in the production process for cleaning or as part of the product blend.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Isopropyl alcohol is a flammable, colorless liquid with an odor resembling alcohol. It is miscible with water, ethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol. Isopropyl alcohol is incompatible with strong oxidizers, acetaldehyde, chlorine, ethylene oxide, acids, and isocyanates.
Chemical use in the semiconductor manufacturing industry
Published in International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2018
Sunju Kim, Chungsik Yoon, Seunghon Ham, Jihoon Park, Ohun Kwon, Donguk Park, Sangjun Choi, Seungwon Kim, Kwonchul Ha, Won Kim
The most frequently used chemical ingredients are listed in Table 2. In both factories, the same three chemicals were the most common ingredients: propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA; CAS No. 108–65-6), cyclohexanone (108–94-1), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME; 107–98-2). PGMEA was included in 21% (92/428) of all products in factory A, and in 28% (121/432) of all products in factory B (with most of the use being for photolithography; 79% (73/92) in factory A, and 80% (90/113) in factory B). The average PGMEA content per product used in photolithography was 72% (range: 15–99%) in factory A and 68% (10–98%) in factory B. In photolithography, in addition to PGMEA, cyclohexanone, PGME, gamma-butyrolactone, and ethyl lactate were frequently used. Vitreous silica and carbon black were used in the EMCs in a packaging plant. The average EMC content per silica product was 90% (90–93%) in factory A and 91% (90–95%) in factory B, while for carbon black products it was 1% in both factories. Most of the chemical products used in the packaging plant were EMCs, which contained vitreous silica, carbon black phenol, and/or epoxy resin or lead (Pb)-free solder balls, which in turn contained silver (Ag) and tin (Sn). Some chemicals were used in two or more processes. Isopropyl alcohol and acetone are the most popular cleaning solvents in the semiconductor industry.