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Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
Odor is expected in wastewater—the fact is any water containing waste, especially human waste, has a detectable (expected) odor associated with it. Odor in a raw water source (for potable water) is caused by a number of constituents. For example, chemicals that may come from municipal and industrial waste discharges or natural sources such as decomposing vegetable matter or microbial activity may cause odor problems. Odor affects the acceptability of drinking water, the aesthetics of recreation water, and the taste of aquatic foodstuffs.
Basic Water Chemistry
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
Odor control can be accomplished by chemical or physical means. Physical means include utilizing buffer zones between the process operation and the public, making operation changes, controlling discharges to collection systems, containments, dilution, fresh air, adsorption, using activated carbon, scrubbing towers, and other means. Odor control by chemical means involves scrubbing with various chemicals, chemical oxidation, and chemical precipitation methods. In scrubbing with chemicals, odorous gases are passed through specially designed scrubbing towers to remove odors. The commonly used chemical scrubbing solutions are chlorine and potassium permanganate. When hydrogen sulfide concentrations are high, sodium hydroxide is often used. In chemical oxidation applications, the oxidants chlorine, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganate are used to oxidize the odor compounds. Chemical precipitation works to precipitate sulfides from odor compounds using iron and other metallic salts.
Comfort and Quality
Published in Motoyuki Akamatsu, Handbook of Automotive Human Factors, 2019
There are two aspects to controlling odors: the monitoring of the odor source, by controlling the generation of odor as much as possible, and the reduction of the odor, when the odor has already spread in the room. Examples of monitoring the source in the interior of vehicles are the above-mentioned ventilation control using gas sensors, air conditioner cleaning, etc. The basic reduction counter measure when the odor has already spread in the interior of the vehicle is changing it for outside fresh air, or air fresheners/deodorants may also be used as supplementary means. Aromatics, deodorants, odor removers and odor inhibitors are defined as follows: Aromatic: a product that diffuses a fragrance in the room.Deodorant: a product that eliminates or reduces the smell through chemical or sensory reactions.Odor removers: a product that eliminates or reduces the smell through physical changes.Odor inhibitors: a product that prevents the spread or generation of the smell by being added to other substances.
Community and environmental data-driven monitoring of waste management
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Ferenc Péter Pach, László Morzsa, Gergely Erdős, Imre Magyar, Zoltán Bihari
In the field of waste management, if insufficient consideration is given to citizens, e.g. incomplete or insufficiently detailed modeling of odor transmission, in the planning and operation of waste treatment and landfill facilities located near residential areas, a landfill can cause problems that directly affect residents (mainly noise and odor impacts, see about direct impacts in Viotti et al. 2020). In addition to the immediate negative effects on living conditions, frequent and unpleasant odor impacts can cause health problems both directly and indirectly, namely headaches, nausea, breathing problems and psychological stress (Brattoli, de Gennaro, and de Pinto 2012; Morgan et al. 2015). Furthermore, if the odors are significant and occur frequently, the negative perception of the affected communities and residential properties can also result in additional significant negative effects, e.g. the depreciation of residential properties.
Simultaneous removal of ammonia and volatile organic compounds from composting of dead pigs and manure using pilot-scale biofilter
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Bin Shang, Tanlong Zhou, Xiuping Tao, Yongxing Chen, Hongmin Dong
Odors are attributed to the interactions, such as antagonism and synergism, of various stinky substances (Blazy et al. 2014). Olfactometry analysis is recommended and extensively used in assessing odor (Zhu et al. 2016). The dynamic olfactometry and triangle odor bag methods are the most common olfactometry approaches (Lu et al. 2015). However, they are quite expensive and do not identify odor concentrations for individual odorous pollutants within a sample (Han et al. 2019).
Effect of head impacts and chemical irritation on elite athletes’ olfaction
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Iida-Kaisa Manninen, Laura K. Mäkinen, Pippa Laukka, Tuomas Klockars, Karin Blomgren
For odour sensation, the odorant needs to reach the olfactory epithelium at the top of the nasal cavity. At the epithelium, the odour molecules bind to a receptor, causing the activation of a single nerve cell that runs through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb at the base of the brain. At the olfactory bulb, the nerve cell synapses with other neurons (Leopold & Holbrook, 2010).