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Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Phenol (hydroxybenzene, C6H5OH) is produced from cumene by a two-step process. In the first step, cumene is oxidized with air to cumene hydroperoxide. The reaction conditions are approximately 100°C–130°C (212°F–266°F) and 30–45 psi in the presence of a metal salt catalyst.
Phenolic Adhesives and Modifiers
Published in Gerald L. Schneberger, Adhesives in Manufacturing, 2018
Robert H. Young, J. M. Tancrede
The major chemical route to the most common reactant, phenol, is outlined in Fig. 3. Benzene is initially reacted with propylene to yield cumene. Cumene is then oxidized to cumene hydroperoxide which, in turn, undergoes an acid-catalyzed rearrangement reaction to yield phenol and acetone.
Blood oxidative stress and post-exercise recovery are unaffected byhypobaric and hypoxic environments
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Cassie M. Williamson-Reisdorph, Tiffany S. Quindry, Kathryn G. Tiemessen, John Cuddy, Walter Hailes, Dustin Slivka, Brent C. Ruby, John C. Quindry
Plasma LOOH were quantified using the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay. Plasma samples were incubated in the presence or absence of a reducing agent and incubated with a colourimetric work solution containing ferrous ammonium sulphate, butylated hydroxytolene, and xylenol orange. During the assay reaction, oxidized ferrous ions oxidize the ferrous sensitive dye contained in xylenol orange to form a quantifiable complex that was measured via absorbance spectroscopy at 595 nm. Final LOOH concentrations in unknown blood plasma samples were derived using a cumene hydroperoxide standard reaction (Nourooz-Zadeh, 1999). Blood plasma 8-ISO concentrations were quantified by a commercially available specific immunoassay enzyme (EIA) (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbour, MI) and assay procedures were performed according to manufacturer instructions (Montuschi et al., 1999).
Development of a modular microreactor for the partial hydrocarbon oxidation
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2018
Thomas Willms, Holger Kryk, Michael Wiezorek, Uwe Hampel
The partial oxidation of alkanes and aromates is an important industrial process type for the production of chemical mass products and fine chemicals. Beside basic chemical products like phenol, dicarbon acids (e.g., adipic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid), alcohols (secondary paraffin alcohols), ketones (e.g., acetone) and fine chemicals such as hydroperoxides [t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), cumene hydroperoxide] and hydroxy aromates (e.g., resorcin, hydroquinone) are produced by oxidation of hydrocarbons (Arpe, 2007). Such processes are often produced at low conversions and yields, which are mostly related to mass and heat transfer problems (Hessel et al., 2012). Also, due to the process conditions (high temperatures and pressures, air or pure oxygen and hydrocarbons) such industrial processes performed in batch mode already caused several accidents (Høiset et al., 2000), since they include important safety risks. They require special safety equipment (e.g., high-pressure bunker, remote control rooms). The investigation of processes including the oxidation of hydrocarbons is therefore especially challenging and the related experiments are often not feasible in a laboratory. Such problems contribute to the fact that oxidation processes are nowadays still not sufficiently investigated (Gemoets et al., 2016).
Metal exposure and oxidative stress biomarkers in a Brazilian agricultural community
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Aline de Souza Espindola Santos, Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis, Rafael Christian Chávez Rocha, Tatiana D. Saint’Pierre, Armando Meyer
GPx activity was measured using the Glutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit (Cayman Chemical, 703102). Briefly, 100 μL of assay buffer, 50 μL of co-substrate mixture (NADPH, GSH, and GR), and 20 μL of plasma sample were added to a test tube. The GPx activity was measured by monitoring the decrease of NADPH levels after the addition of 20 μL of cumene hydroperoxide. In this reaction, the GPx catalyzes the cumene hydroperoxide reduction to non-reactive molecules using GSH, which is oxidized to the glutathione disulfide (GSSG) form. The GSSG is recycled to its reduced state by GR, which oxidizes the NADPH. The decrease in NADPH was followed by a decrease in absorbance at 340 nm and is proportional to the activity of the GPx. Results were presented as (nmol/mL)/min.