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Role of Metal-heterogeneous Catalysts in Organic Synthesis
Published in Varun Rawat, Anirban Das, Chandra Mohan Srivastava, Heterogeneous Catalysis in Organic Transformations, 2022
Oxidation reaction is considered an important reaction in chemical industries that produce a wide range of applications. For example, oxidation of ethylbenzene produces key products such as acetophenone and 1-phenylethanol that are used as precursors for the synthesis of a variety of drugs, chiral alcohols, hydrazones and chalcones [16]. For oxidation reactions, homogeneous catalysts have been extensively used for the synthesis of bulk as well as fine chemicals. However, homogeneous catalysts are non-recyclable, environmentally hazardous and also, they corrode the industrial materials raising the maintenance costs. To sort out these problems, the homogeneous catalysts could be prepared by the dispersion of a metal on an insoluble solid support to keep the metal on the surface where the catalysis reaction takes place [17]. Therefore, heterogeneous catalysts are considered to be a better choice for organic synthesis because they are easy to separate at the end of the reaction and also, they are easy to handle.
Quantitative PCR Approaches for Predicting Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
Published in Kenneth Wunch, Marko Stipaničev, Max Frenzel, Microbial Bioinformatics in the Oil and Gas Industry, 2021
Courtney R. A. Toth, Gurpreet Kharey, Lisa M. Gieg
Oxygen-independent hydroxylation involves the addition of H2O to the alkyl group of some substituted aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes (Figure 11.1b, Ball et al. 1996, Heider et al. 2016b). The best characterized enzyme facilitating this reaction is ethylbenzene dehydrogenase (EBDH), which was initially discovered and characterized within a few closely related denitrifying strains within the betaproteobacterial family Rhodocyclaceae, with Aromatoleum aromaticum strain EbN1 serving as the paradigm for this mechanism (Kniemeyer and Heider 2001). Ethylbenzene dehydrogenase adds water to the methylene group on ethylbenzene forming (S)- 1-phenylethanol, which is then converted to acetophenone and ultimately to benzoyl-CoA. Genetic, genomic, proteomic, and enzymatic analyses of strain EbN1 have also helped to design a handful of qPCR assays for the catalytic subunit (ebhA) of EBDH, as seen in Table 11.1 (Heider et al. 2016b). In addition, paralogous enzymes to EBDH have been proposed to catalyze the hydroxylation of propylbenzene, p-cymene, and p-ethylphenol (Rabus and Widdel 1995, Strijkstra et al. 2014). An analogous hydroxylation mechanism has also been proposed for alkane-degrading Desulfococcus oleovorans strain Hxd3 that does not utilize fumarate addition, as genes encoding an enzyme closely related to EBDH have been identified in this organism (Callaghan et al. 2009, So et al. 2003).
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Published in Natan B. Vargaftik, Lev P. Filippov, Amin A. Tarzimanov, Evgenii E. Totskii, Yu. A. Gorshkov, Handbook of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases, 2020
Natan B. Vargaftik, Lev P. Filippov, Amin A. Tarzimanov, Evgenii E. Totskii, Yu. A. Gorshkov
Acetophenone (methyl–phenyl ketone) C6H5COCH3. Thermal conductivity data for the saturated acetophenone liquid, as reported in refs. [128, 141], are given below: T,K…………….290300320320330340350360λ⋅103,W/(mK)…148147147146145144144143
Solvent-free oxidation of ethylbenzene over LDH-hosted Co(II) Schiff base of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde and 4-amino benzoic acid
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2019
Savita Khare, Jagat Singh Kirar, Swati Parashar
Conversion of hydrocarbons to their oxygenated derivatives is one of the most important reactions in the context of industrial biology. The conversion of ethylbenzene to acetophenone through oxidation is a great industrially significant process because acetophenone acts as an intermediate in the production of many pharmaceuticals, fragrances, chewing gum, resins, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, etc.[1,2] Earlier reports demonstrate that acetophenone is conventionally synthesized by oxidation of ethylbenzene using stoichiometric amounts of inorganic oxidants (permanganate or dichromate).[3,4] The main drawback of this process is that it generates a large amount of hazardous and corrosive wastes.[5] The present industrial process of acetophenone production utilizes cobalt acetate as a homogeneous catalyst in acetic acid in the presence of oxygen. However, in this process, homogeneous transition metal catalyst is used; hence, the major disadvantage is the recovery of the catalyst for its reuse, which affects the overall economics of the process.[6] Overcoming from this problem, concepts of heterogenization of homogeneous metal complex have aroused attention. Various methods have been developed to synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of ethylbenzene.[7–13]