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Greener Synthesis of Potential Drugs
Published in Ahindra Nag, Greener Synthesis of Organic Compounds, Drugs and Natural Products, 2022
Renata Studzińska, Renata Kołodziejska, Daria Kupczyk
Amides are ubiquitous in nature, including many important biological compounds as well as many drugs [106]. CALB was the catalyst in ammoniolysis reactions using the ionic liquids as reaction media. The reaction of ethyl octanoate with ammonia in the ionic liquid [BMIM]BF4 gave octanamide with a yield of 40% (Scheme 12.17) [120]. Another enzyme belonging to the class of hydrolases used in biocatalysis in the synthesis of peptides is penicillin G (PGA) acylase. It is used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics such as cephalosporins and penicillins, for example, cephalexin, cefadroxil, cefazolin, ampicillin, amoxicillin [121]. Amoxicillin, prepared by the reaction catalyzed by penicillin G acylase in ionic liquid [BMIM]PF6 mixed with water in the ratio 75:25 v/v (Scheme 12.17). In this system, an increase in selectivity by as much as 400% was observed compared to the reaction carried out in a completely aqueous medium. Amoxicillin has a broad spectrum of activity, high solubility, a high rate of absorption, and is stable under acid conditions, allowing the oral administration of this drug, which resists the gastric pH [122].
Simple and rapid determination of cephalexin by digital colorimetry using a laboratory-developed smartphone application
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2022
Anastasiia V. Tumskaia, Ilya V. Loginov, Roman S. Tumskiy, Irina V. Kosyreva
Cephalexin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic from the group of cephalosporins, which is active against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. [1] Сephalosporins, like penicillins, inhibit transpeptidase, which are involved in the synthesis of the bacterial cell membrane. The β-lactam ring of cephalosporins is condensed with a six-membered thiazine ring and acts as a pharmacophore group. Currently, in medicine, cephalexin is used for the treatment infections of the genitourinary system (pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis), infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract (bronchitis, acute pneumonia), skin infections, and soft tissues (furunculosis, abscess, phlegmon).[2,3] Cephalexin is included in the World Health Organization (WHO) List of Essential Medicines.[4]