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Larvicidal and Antimicrobial Activities of Green-Synthesized Ag Nanoparticles
Published in Peerawatt Nunthavarawong, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Suchart Siengchin, Mathew Thoppil-Mathew, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Materials, 2022
Lakshmanan Muthulakshmi, Velmurugan Sundarapandian, D. Nagapriyadarshini, Jamespandi Annaraj, M. T. Mathew, H. Nellaiah
Figure 3.7 illustrates the antimicrobial mechanism of silver nanoparticles obtained using plant extract as a reducing agent. Chemically synthesized AuNPs have excellent antimicrobial activity (shown by the sizes of the zones of clearance in parentheses following each organism) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24 mm). Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), Escherichia coli (18 mm), Vibrio cholerae (14 mm). Salmonella sp. (15 mm), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (21 mm), as shown in Figure 3.8. Upon comparison with the standard antibiotic ampicillin, it was concluded that chemically synthesized AuNPs can act as a potential antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized from a group of medicinal plants and their crude extracts was evaluated against human pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., E. coli, and Enterobacter sp.by the disc diffusion method shown in Figure 3.8. The concentration of nanoparticles was directly proportional to the size of the zone of clearance for each bacterial strain [50].
Toxic Responses of the Lung
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Many chemicals, both simple and complex, are associated with occupational asthma. Among inorganic chemicals, the complex salts of platinum, when given sufficiently long exposure, will result in virtually 100% sensitization. Other inorganic chemicals known to cause occupational asthma include nickel salts, chromium salts, and sodium and potassium persulfates. Organic chemicals that can cause occupational asthma include the amines, such as ethyl-enediamine, p-phenylenediamine, etc.; anhydrides, such as phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, etc.; pharmaceuticals, such as ampicillin, penicillin, etc.; miscellaneous chemicals such as formaldehyde, organophosphate insecticides, etc.; and of course, diisocyanates. Diisocyanates are used to manufacture polyurethane foams. Two compounds have been incriminated as causes of occupational asthma: toluene diisocyanate and diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Many chemicals, both simple and complex, are associated with occupational asthma. Among inorganic chemicals, the complex salts of platinum, when given sufficiently long exposure, will result in virtually 100% sensitization. Other inorganic chemicals known to cause occupational asthma include nickel salts, chromium salts, and sodium and potassium persulfates. Organic chemicals that can cause occupational asthma include the amines, such as ethylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine, etc.; anhydrides, such as phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, etc.; pharmaceuticals, such as ampicillin, penicillin, etc.; miscellaneous chemicals such as formaldehyde, organophosphate insecticides, etc.; and of course, diisocyanates. Diisocyanates are used to manufacture polyurethane foams. Two compounds have been incriminated as causes of occupational asthma: toluene diisocyanate and diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
Nephroprotective effect of melatonin and L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin-C) against ampicillin- induced toxicity in Funambulus pennanti
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Shraddha Rastogi, Sameer Gupta, Chandana Haldar, Dinesh Chandra
Ampicillin, a beta-lactam broad spectrum antibiotic, is the most widely prescribed antibacterial drug, for the treatment of urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, meningitis, salmonella infections and endocarditis. Although it is one of the safest and well-tolerated second-generation drugs, its continuous exposure is reported to be associated with renal dysfunction such as intra-renal obstruction, interstitial nephritis, alteration of intra-glomerular hemodynamics and inflammatory changes in renal tubular cells [28]. Ampicillin has a basic role in the production of oxidants by neutrophils as a mechanism of its antibiotic action. Neutrophils are an important source of free oxygen radicals and therefore are considered to be the major effectors in the tissue damage that occurs in many inflammatory disorders. Transient exposure to ampicillin can be attributed to the buildup of this drug in the renal tubular epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells, followed by the production of reactive oxygen species; thus exhibiting induction of nephrotoxicity. The present study demonstrates that both melatonin and Vit-C exert a renal protective effect in combination with ampicillin in a tropical seasonally breeding rodent F. pennanti. The nephrotoxicity in the animals was induced by administering high doses (100mg/kg body weight) of ampicillin sodium intravenously through the subclavian vein for 10 consecutive days. The nephrotoxicity was concluded from a marked increase in the levels of ACP, ALP, urea and creatinine in urine and serum while reduced antioxidant activity in kidney tissues. Nephrotoxicity caused due to ampicillin sodium was further supported by the histopathological evaluation of treated kidneys which exhibited morphological changes in the glomerulus and tubular structure.
Low-cost multichannel system with disposable pH sensors for monitoring bacteria metabolism and the response to antibiotics
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2021
Cristina Ocaña, Sergi Brosel-Oliu, Natalia Abramova, Andrey Bratov
Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis during replication.[17]Figure 4a shows pH changes in test solutions of E. coli (5.6·106 CFU/mL) containing different concentrations of ampicillin. From the experimental results, it may be concluded that the antimicrobial effect is clearly pronounced at ampicillin concentrations higher than 2.5 µg/mL, the concentration that is lower than the reported minimum inhibitory concentration value (4 µg/mL).