China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
*
Published in Maurizio Cumo, Antonio Naviglio, Safety Design Criteria for Industrial Plants, 2019
Claudia Bartolomei, Sergio Paribelli
Toxicity — Allyl alcohol is highly toxic via oral, inhalation, intraperitoneal, and dermal routes. The vapor is highly irritating to the eyes and nose; skin absorption produces injury to the liver and kidneys in animals; skin contact causes burns and absorption through the skin; it may result in pain in the underlying tissue and gastrointestinal symptoms; contamination of the eye with the liquid produces corneal damage. TLV-TWA: 2 ppm (skin); TLV-STEL: 4 ppm; TCL0: 25 ppm (irritant effects); and OSHA standard: air TWA 2 ppm (skin) averaged over an 8-h work shift. The time averaged TLV of 2ppm and the STEL of 4 ppm would appear to provide protection against systemic effects and injury to superficial areas of the body, and to provide a reasonable freedom for most individuals from irritation.
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Published in Caitlin H. Bell, Margaret Gentile, Erica Kalve, Ian Ross, John Horst, Suthan Suthersan, Emerging Contaminants Handbook, 2019
Margaret Gentile, Shandra Justicia-Leon, Sarah Page
The anaerobic dehalogenation of TCP has been observed in anaerobic microcosms prepared with sediment from Red Cedar Creek in Okemos, Michigan, in anaerobic slurries prepared with material from a slow-moving stream located near Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands, and in an anaerobic bioreactor inoculated with Saale River sediment (Germany) (Peijnenburg et al. 1998) (Loffler, et al. 1997; Hauck and Hegemann 2000). More recently, reductive dechlorination of TCP has been confirmed in cultures of select species of the Dehalogenimonas genus, the closest cultured relatives of Dehalococcoides, although sharing only 90 percent 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The TCP-dechlorinating Dehalogenimonas spp. utilize hydrogen as electron donor and produce allyl chloride (3-chloro-1-propene) via dehaloelimination when grown with TCP as electron acceptor (Yan et al. 2009; Bowman et al. 2013; Mukherjee et al. 2014), as shown in Figure 5.4. In practice, the hydrogen utilized by Dehalogenimonas could be produced within a microbial community by other organisms that ferment commonly applied organic carbon substrates, such as sugars or vegetable oil. Allyl chloride is a transient intermediate that reacts abiotically to form allyl alcohol, diallyl sulfide, or diallyl disulphide, and potentially other sulfide-bearing compounds in the presence of cysteine or sulfide (Yan et al. 2009). Allyl alcohol is toxic, but readily biodegradable, while the sulfide-bearing compounds are metabolites (Yan et al. 2009). Results from field testing of bioaugmentation approaches show production of propene (Schmitt et al. 2017), suggesting an alternative biological reduction pathway for allyl chloride to propene, as shown on Figure 5.4. The toxicity of propene is not documented by the ASTDR or IRIS.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Allyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mustard-like odor. It is used in making drugs, organic chemicals, pesticides, in the manufacture of allyl esters, and as monomers and prepolymers for the manufacture of resins and plastics. It has a large use in the preparation of pharmaceutical products, in organic synthesis, and as a fungicide and herbicide. Occupational workers engaged in industries such as the manufacture of drugs, pesticides, allyl esters, organic chemicals, resins, war gas, and plasticizers, are often exposed to this alcohol.
Effects of differential degree of chemical modification on the properties of modified starches: Sizing
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2018
Sarkodie Bismark, Zhu Zhifeng, Tawiah Benjamin
Moreover, the MS of hydroxypropylated starch has also been determined using Johnson method. At the initial stage, hydrolysis of the hydroxypropyl group of the starch in propylene glycol was done which was successively dehydrated to propionaldehyde and the enolic form of allyl alcohol. The products were reacted with ninhydrin (1,2,3-triketo hydrindene monohydrate) to form a purple colored complex. Finally, the amount of the reagent (propylene glycol) was analyzed with a spectrophotometer [118].