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Chemicals from Olefin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Allyl chloride (CH2=CHCH2Cl) is a colorless liquid, insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents. It has a strong pungent odor and an irritating effect on the skin. As a chemical, allyl chloride is used to make allyl alcohol, glycerol, and epichlorohydrin. The production of allyl chloride could be achieved by direct chlorination of propylene at high temperatures (approximately 500°C and 1 atm). The reaction substitutes of an allylic hydrogen with a chlorine atom. Hydrogen chloride is a byproduct from this reaction: CH2=CHCH3+Cl2→CH2=CHCH2Cl+HCl
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Allyl chloride is a colorless liquid, insoluble in water but soluble in common organic solvents. Allyl chloride is prepared by the reaction of propylene with chlorine. It is a common alkylating agent relevant to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. It is also a component in some thermo-setting resins. Allyl chloride has been produced commercially since 1945 and is used almost exclusively as a chemical intermediate, principally in the production of epichlorohydrin or as a raw material for epichlorohydrin. It is also used as a chemical intermediate in the preparation of glycerin, glycerol chlorohydrins, glycidyl ethers, allylamines, and allyl ethers of trimethylpropane, sodium allyl sulfonate, a series of allyl amines and quaternary ammonium salts, allyl ethers, and a variety of alcohols, phenols, and polyols. It is also used in pharmaceuticals as a raw material for the production of allyl isothiocyanate (synthetic mustard oil), allyl substituted barbiturates (sedatives), and cyclopropane (anesthetic); in the manufacture of specialty resins for water treatment and to produce babiturate and hypnotic agents such as aprobarbital, butalbital, methohexital sodium, secobarbital, talbutal, and thiamyl sodium.
Renewable natural resources as green alternative substrates to obtain bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethanes-review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
It should be pointed out that Solvay Company developed the method of synthesis bio-based epichlorohydrin with the trade name Epicerol® based on glycerol as a starting molecule. Epichlorohydrin constitutes a key substrate for converting multiple hydroxyl groups in polyols into oxirane rings in glycidyl ethers (Fleischer et al., 2013). The traditional process for the production of epichlorohydrin takes place via dichlorohydrin and allyl chloride. The main disadvantage of this route is the formation of unfavorable chlorinated organic compounds. Solvay company ensures that incorporating 1 MT of glycerol-based epichlorohydrin instead of commercially available epichlorohydrin reduces carbon footprint by 2.56 MT CO2 equivalent. Moreover, the main advantage of exploitation of bio-based epichlorohydrin is 57% reduction in nonrenewable energy consumption and 61% less Global Warming Potential (GWP) (Solvay, n.d.). The comparison of conventional and the corresponding process developed by Solvay company is presented in Figure 14.
Cellulose-based film modified by succinic anhydride for the controlled release of domperidone
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Chengmei Shi, Furong Tao, Yuezhi Cui
The ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl) was prepared and purified by using the procedure described in the literature [30] with slight modifications. Briefly, 1-methyl imidazole was purified by rotary evaporator before use. 105.84 mL allyl chloride and 79.61 mL 1-methyl imidazole were added into 500 mL flask (molar ratio 1.3:1), refluxed and magnetic stirred at 55 °C for 8–9 h under N2 atmosphere. After the reaction, the remaining allyl chloride was removed by rotary evaporation, the resulting product was washed with ether and dried under vacuum for 24 h. Finally, a clear, colorless, viscous liquid was obtained. 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O): δ 3.94 ppm (s, 3H), δ 4.85 ppm (d, 2H), δ 5.43 ppm (m, 1H), δ 6.09 ppm (m, 2H), δ 7.48 ppm (s, 1H), δ 7.50 ppm (s, 1H), δ 8.79 ppm (s, 1H). ESI-MS: m/z (+) 123.8, m/z (-) 35.5.
Temperature-induced recovery of a bioactive enzyme using polyglycerol dendrimers: correlation between bound water and protein interaction
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Tooru Ooya, Takaya Ogawa, Toshifumi Takeuchi
Allyl chloride, N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO), 50 wt.% sodium hydroxide solution, and alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EC: 1.1.1.1) (ADH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan). 1,1,1-Tris (hydroxymethyl) propane (TMP) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Tetrabutylammonium bromide and OsO4 (4% in water) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). β-nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide from yeast (NAD+), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), t-butanol (t-BuOH), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and silica gel 60 (230–400 mesh) were purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Glycerol was purchased from Kanto Chemical Co. Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Acetone, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, toluene, and methanol were of a reagent grade. Aluminium oxide 90 (active acidic) was purchased from Merck Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).