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Alkylene Oxides: Manufacture, Chemistry, and Applications
Published in F. E. Bailey, Joseph V. Koleske, Alkylene Oxides and Their Polymers, 2020
F. E. Bailey, Joseph V. Koleske
Epichlorohydrin has been listed as a possible carcinogen and mutagen. Worker exposure is limited to 5 ppm in the atmosphere (1987). The compound is a low-viscosity, colorless liquid that boils at 116°C and freezes at —57.2°C. At 20°C, it has a vapor pressure of 13 mm mercury. Epichlorohydrin has a chloroformlike odor that is very irritating to eyes and skin. Acute toxicity data as well as other animal and human responses have been summarized (16).
Hydrolysis
Published in Richard A. Larson, Eric J. Weber, Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry, 2018
Richard A. Larson, Eric J. Weber
Epichlorohydrin is another example of an important industrial chemical containing an epoxide moiety. Epichlorohydrin is used primarily for the manufacture of glycerol and epoxy resins. Unlike the dieldrin and aldrin, epichlorohydrin is quite susceptible to hydrolysis. The calculated half-life for epichlorohydrin in distilled water at pH 7 at 20°C is 8.0 days (Santodonato, et al., 1980). Hydrolysis occurs initially by opening of the epoxide to form the chlorinated diol, which under basic conditions, leads to formation of glycerol through the epoxide intermediate. ()
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Inorganic Chemicals, and Microbiological Contaminants
Published in Edward J. Calabrese, Charles E. Gilbert, Harris Pastides, Safe Drinking Water Act, 2017
Joseph A. Cotruvo, Marlene Regelski
In addition to causing acute respiratory suppression through inhalation at high levels, epichlorohydrin is dermally and orally toxic, causing extensive irritation at the point of exposure as well as kidney and liver systemic toxicity. Epichlorohydrin is a contaminant of polymers used in the clarification and storage of potable water and in food processing. It has been detected in waste and is considered mobile in water. It is being regulated in drinking water because of its possible carcinogenic risks.
Production of a novel bio-based structural adhesive and characterization of mechanical properties
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2021
Vasileios Tzatzadakis, Konstantinos Tserpes
Epichlorohydrin is widely used in the epoxy resin production. The main source of epichlorohydrin is propylene. The chemical conversion of propylene into epichlorohydrin has hazardous side effects, such as chloride anion, and besides that, the disposal of the wastes is challenging.[10] On the other hand, if glycerin is plant-based and not derived from petrochemical resources, the production of epichlorohydrin from glycerin (or glycerol) is cost-efficient and also environmentally friendly.[11] The glycerin to epichlorohydrin process is more energy-efficient, due to simpler chemical procedures, and there are no hazardous wastes to deal with.[12] Furthermore, the availability of glycerin has become greater and it will be increased in the future, because it is a by-product of bio-diesel, which lately has a high demand.
Renewable natural resources as green alternative substrates to obtain bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethanes-review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
It should be pointed out that Solvay Company developed the method of synthesis bio-based epichlorohydrin with the trade name Epicerol® based on glycerol as a starting molecule. Epichlorohydrin constitutes a key substrate for converting multiple hydroxyl groups in polyols into oxirane rings in glycidyl ethers (Fleischer et al., 2013). The traditional process for the production of epichlorohydrin takes place via dichlorohydrin and allyl chloride. The main disadvantage of this route is the formation of unfavorable chlorinated organic compounds. Solvay company ensures that incorporating 1 MT of glycerol-based epichlorohydrin instead of commercially available epichlorohydrin reduces carbon footprint by 2.56 MT CO2 equivalent. Moreover, the main advantage of exploitation of bio-based epichlorohydrin is 57% reduction in nonrenewable energy consumption and 61% less Global Warming Potential (GWP) (Solvay, n.d.). The comparison of conventional and the corresponding process developed by Solvay company is presented in Figure 14.
Chlorine in waste-derived solid recovered fuel (SRF), co-combusted in cement kilns: A systematic review of sources, reactions, fate and implications
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Spyridoula Gerassimidou, Costas A. Velis, Paul T. Williams, Marco J. Castaldi, Leon Black, Dimitrios Komilis
Epichlorohydrin (EPI) is also used for the manufacture of epoxl resins, which are mainly used in packaging and paper manufacture (Santodonato, Lande, Howard, Orzel, & Bogy, 1980), in insulation of electronic equipment, in adhesives and fibre-reinforced composites (Barton, 1985). For that reason, SRF item components, categorized as ‘adhesives’, ‘furniture’ and ‘cables’, are also considered as potential high sources of Cl. For example, Velis (2010) measured the Total [Cl] of ‘cables’, considered as electric wires with variable plastic casing, close to 2.5% w/wd.