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Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Glycerol, also known as glycerin, is another complex alcohol. It has three alcohol groups attached to propane. It is a clear, syrupy, colorless and odorless liquid with a sweet taste. The flash point is 320°F, and the autoignition temperature is 739°F. Toxicity is low with a mist TLV of 10 mg/m3 in air. Glycerol is used in the manufacturer of dynamite, pharmaceuticals cosmetics, and food, tobacco and liquors. When the hydrogens are removed from glycerol and three nitro groups are added to the remaining oxygen, nitroglycerin is formed. It is classified by UN/DOT as a Class 1.1 Explosive and is forbidden in transportation unless desensitized. The NFPA 704 designation for nitroglycerin is health—2, flammability—2, reactivity—4 and special—0. It is listed under the UN 4-digit identification number of 0143; when desensitized, it is listed under several UN 4-digit identification numbers depending upon the mixture and make-up of the desensitizer. Orange Guides 127 and 113 are used for desensitized material and 112 for unsensitized material.
State-of-the-Art in Nanocatalysts for the Transformation of Glycerol into High Added Value Products
Published in Vanesa Calvino-Casilda, Antonio José López-Peinado, Rosa María Martín-Aranda, Elena Pérez-Mayoral, Nanocatalysis, 2019
Vanesa Calvino-Casilda, Eugenio Muñoz Camacho
The current chapter describes the valorization of glycerol to high added value products using nanocatalysts; selective examples of glycerol reactions are reported herein. The transformation of glycerol into chemical products of industrial interest has aroused great attention in the last decades and particularly in the field of nanocatalysis in recent years (Polshettiwar and Asefa 2013). Glycerol is a by-product obtained in the manufacture of biodiesel (10 wt %) by fats transesterification and vegetable oils. Taking into account the economic viability of the biodiesel industries, glycerol needs to be valourized, in both liquid and gas phases, into other products of high added value (Scheme 1). The recent works published in literature seems to indicate that the combination of nanocatalysts and valorization of glycerol is a promising route of research with a great future. Products obtained in the valourization of glycerol.
Manufacture of Glycerine from Natural Fats and Oils
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
There are three primary fats and oils processes from which glycerol is recovered: (1) hydrolysis, to produce fatty acids; (2) saponification, to produce soap; and (3) alcoholysis, to produce fatty esters. The relative importance of each of these processes to the glycerol industry is shown in Table 3.3. Prior to the 1950s, the hydrolysis reaction was carried out by boiling fat with water in an open kettle. The process employed a sulfonate catalyst and sulfuric acid [3], and the glycerol/water seat recovered contained varying amounts of these catalysts in addition to emulsified fat and fatty acids. By the 1950s, both batch and continuous high-pressure hydrolysis techniques had been developed for production of fatty acids [4,5]. These have increasingly displaced the older open-kettle or “Twitchell” processes. The glycerol solutions obtained from high-pressure processes usually contain a higher concentration of glycerol than the older hydrolysis products, and thus are more economical to process. If the high-pressure process employs a catalyst, varying amounts of catalyst residue, in addition to emulsified fat and fatty acid, will be found in the recovered glycerol solution.
Effect of butanol additive with mango seed biodiesel and diesel ternary blends on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Khurshid Ahmad, Prashant Saini
Most effective technique of preparing biofuels from raw oils extracted through various feedstocks is transesterification. Extracted raw mango seed oil is filtered through fine filter paper to remove dust particles. Figure 3 illustrates the experimental setup for preparation of biodiesel through transesterification and separation. In presence of methanol (CH3OH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), the raw mango seed oil is processed chemically to obtain mango seed methyl ester with reduced viscosity. Raw mango seeds oil (100 ml) is taken in conical flask and heated through electric heater at 60 °C for 30 minutes. After that methanol and KOH mixture is added in heated raw mango seeds oil and magnetic stirring is done for proper mixing and complete reaction. Then prepared solution is heated to 60 °C for 5 hours at 600 RPM. The obtained solution is kept in separator for 24 hours and found two different layers. The upper layer and lower layer are the mango seed methyl ester and glycerol, respectively, which separated further. Glycerol can be used in various applications like soap production, beauty products and cosmetics. Figure 4 represents the flow chart for production process of mango seed oil biodiesel. The transesterification of mango seeds oil results 93% yield of fatty acid methyl esters. It can be calculated as (Reddy et al. 2021):
Renewable natural resources as green alternative substrates to obtain bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethanes-review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Karami, Zohuriaan-Mehr, & Rostami (2017) used glycerol and furfuryl alcohol as two bio-based intermediates produced industrially from lignocellulosic biomass. Glycerol is obtained as a by-product from the production of biodiesel, oleochemicals and cleavage of fats. Crude glycerol, especially after refining and purification, could be easily used as a potentially low-cost, non-food feedstock for bio-based commercially valued products in the polymer industry (Kopczyńska & Datta, 2016). Glycerol has been used by Karami et al. (2017) in the manufacture of epichlorohydrin through the sustainable environmentally friendly process. Glycerol-based epichlorohydrin and biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol derivative, as well as CO2, presented the basic substrates for synthesis of bio-based NIPU networks.
Sustainability of biodiesel production in Malaysia by production of bio-oil from crude glycerol using microwave pyrolysis: a review
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2018
Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Refal Hussein, Mei Yin Ong
Waste glycerol is abundantly available and can be utilized effectively by using appropriate technologies, for use as a renewable resource for energy and other chemicals’ production. Three different thermochemical conversion routes are found according to the oxygen content in the process: combustion (complete oxidation), gasification, (partial oxidation), and pyrolysis (thermal degradation without oxygen). Among them, combustion (also called incineration) is the most established route in industry but this is also associated with the generation of carbon oxides, sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine products (dioxins and furans), volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and dust. On the contrary, gasification and pyrolysis offer the potential for greater efficiencies in energy production and less pollution. Although pyrolysis is still under development in the waste industry, this process has received special attention, as not only a primary process of combustion and gasification, but also as an independent process leading to the production of energy-dense products with numerous uses.