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Basic Chemical Hazards to Human Health and Safety — I
Published in Jack Daugherty, Assessment of Chemical Exposures, 2020
When a person suffers an allergic reaction to the second or subsequent exposure to a chemical or to a structurally similar chemical, a sensitization reaction has taken place. In this case the immune system has reacted to the COC. A cross-sensitization occurs when subsequent exposure to the allergen causes reactions not only to itself, but to some other chemical as well, although the other chemical will usually be structurally similar. Common target organs for sensitizers are the skin and eyes resulting in dermatitis and conjunctivitis accordingly. With some chemicals the respiratory system is sensitized, leading to asthma or bronchitis. Allergic reactions are mediated by two immunoglobulins, IgD or IgE. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) mediated reactions lead to delayed contact dermatitis. Reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) cause severe, potentially fatal effects, such as acute asthma, urticaria, and anaphylactic shock. Sensitization reactions are unpredictable. Sensitivity typically persists for the remainder of the lifetime of the victim, though a few cases have been reported where the effects disappeared over time. Avoidance of the COC is the most prudent treatment and prevention strategy. Isolation may be the only way to restore good health to the victim, however in many cases, residual respiratory symptoms persist after exposure is discontinued. Workers sensitized to toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) persisted with respiratory symptoms such as impaired pulmonary function and chronic bronchitis for as long as three and one-half years after the exposure ceased.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
There are five classes of antibodies:Immunoglobulin A (IgA) found in secretions such as saliva, tears and protects against organisms that may invade gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.Immunoglobulin M (IgM) which is formed initially and provides a temporary protection following exposure of the body to a new threat until immunoglobulin G is made.Immunoglobulin G (IgG) takes over from IgM to provide long-lasting protection against a specific threat.Immunoglobulin E (IgE) (sometimes called the ‘allergy’ antibody) is responsible for allergic reactions. IgE is usually produced against harmful substances but in some cases with an inherited disorder, IgE is formed in excessive amounts to substances that are usually not harmful to the majority of the population. These ‘atopic’ individuals thus react abnormally or disproportionately to a substance that should be harmless.Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a unique immunoglobulin with a concentration in serum far below those of IgG, IgA, and IgM but much higher than that of IgE. IgD’s function has long been a conundrum and is still incompletely understood.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
There are five classes of antibodies: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is found in secretions such as saliva, tears and protects against organisms that may invade gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.Immunoglobulin M (IgM) which is formed initially and provides a temporary protection following exposure of the body to a new threat until immunoglobulin G is made.Immunoglobulin G (IgG) takes over from IgM to provide long-lasting protection against a specific threat.Immunoglobulin E (IgE) (sometimes called the ‘allergy’ antibody) is responsible for allergic reactions. IgE is usually produced against harmful substances but in some cases with an inherited disorder, IgE is formed in excessive amounts to substances that are usually not harmful to the majority of the population. These ‘atopic’ individuals thus react abnormally or disproportionately to a substance that should be harmless.Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a unique immunoglobulin with a concentration in serum far below those of IgG, IgA and IgM but much higher than that of IgE. IgD’s function has long been a conundrum and is still incompletely understood. Several chemicals are produced by the body in allergic responses, of which histamine is the best known and causes the well-known symptoms of itching, swelling, redness and increased production of mucus.
PM2.5 aggravates airway inflammation in asthmatic mice: activating NF-κB via MyD88 signaling pathway
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Lei Wang, Yanzhi Cui, Hu Liu, Jing Wu, Jie Li, Xiansheng Liu
Bronchial asthma is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. It is an inflammatory disease that mainly involves inflammatory cells (e.g. macrophages, T lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils) (Castillo et al. 2017). According to the predisposing factors, asthma can be classified into allergic asthma and non-allergic asthma. Asthma induced by allergens (e.g. microorganisms, mites, pollen) can be classified as allergic asthma, which is characterized by increased eosinophils, activation of mast cells and type II helper T cells, large secretion of cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13, and increased level of immunoglobulin E (Schatz and Rosenwasser 2014). Non-allergic asthma is generally induced by environmental factors such as air pollutants (e.g. dust particles and automobile exhaust), bacterial or viral infection, obesity and other environmental factors, and it is not directly related to the allergens (Peters 2014).
Effects of freeze-drying and microwave vacuum freeze-drying on the activity of IgY: From the perspective of protein structure
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Zhe Wang, Xu Duan, Linlin Li, Guangyue Ren, Tiantian Wu, Junliang Chen, Yuan Ang, Jingfang Guo, Mengyue Zhao
Immunoglobulin of yolk (IgY), a natural polyclonal antibody, is an immunoglobulin commonly found in birds, reptiles, and amphibians. It usually transfers and accumulates from chicken serum to egg yolk, providing acquired immunity to chicks.[1] IgY is like a phylogenetic progenitor of mammalian immunoglobulin E (IgE), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) but it has advantages of low cost and is more in line with ethical issues such as animal welfare.[2] Immunization of hens leads to the transfer of specific antibodies to egg yolks, making eggs a source of oral IgY for humans.[3] When used as a therapeutic antibody, IgY will not bind to the human complement system or Fc receptors, reducing the risk of antibody dependent enhancement (ADE). IgY is currently used in a variety of commercial foods, such as yogurt, candies, etc., which plays a role in passive immunization or prevention of human diseases caused by pathogens. Leiva et al reported that the use of IgY instead of mammalian polyclonal antibodies could neutralize the bee venom in vivo.[4] Furthermore, IgY has a broad role and potential value in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the COVID-19 epidemic.[1]
Microbiology in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2020
Frederick J. Passman, Peter Küenzi
Asthma is conventionally defined as a type I allergic airway disease mediated by T-helper cells and immunoglobulin E (152) and occurs with sufficient exposure to airborne irritants. These irritants, known as antigens or allergens, trigger an immunoglobulin E-mediated release of molecules that cause diverse symptoms ranging from sneezing to chronic inflammation (153). Viruses are the predominant cause for asthma and other respiratory illnesses (154), and it was suggested that disruption of the commensal microflora might lead to immune dysfunction (155). There are no indications that airborne microorganisms from MWFs have a specific function in these diseases. It is more likely that chemical components of MWFs are responsible for occupational asthma (156, 157).