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Optical Based Transducers for Biosensors
Published in Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Biosensors, 2023
Hasan Ilhan, Sallahuddin Panhwar, Ismail Hakki Boyaci, Ugur Tamer
Antibodies are proteins that are generated by the body when it is triggered by antigens to defend themselves. They are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasmocytes and are utilized by the immune system to detect and destroy foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses introduced into the body. An antibody is widely employed in detecting the biological target because antibodies are particular to antigens on the surface of a specific target and therefore are very effective (102). Antibodies should be extensively researched and studied to verify that they have a strong binding capability and affinity. The features of the biosensor should be considered while evaluating an antibody-antigen interaction. There are many benefits of using antibody-based biosensors, such as high sensitivity, specificity, noninvasive capabilities, and direct recognition ability (103). Recent research by Pal et al. (104) has shown that antibody-functionalized zinc doped magnetic nanoparticles (Zn-doped Fe3O4) were used to trap Salmonella bacteria from dairy products. The bacteria concentration was then quantified using a handheld luminometer. In this case, it has calculated that the test’s detection limit was 10 cfu mL−1 in milk contaminated with Salmonella. Using the specific Zn-doped Fe3O4 nanoclusters, it is possible to identify different bacterial infections such as E. coli simply by adjusting the antibodies.
COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
COVID-19 outbreaks have caused significant global morbidity and mortality; to mitigate the escalating burden of COVID-19, vaccine development has occurred at an unprecedented pace (101). The main aim behind the development of a COVID-19 vaccine was to bring a halt to the current pandemic situation and attain broad protective immunity in the population so as to achieve herd immunity, which can ultimately stop the transmission of the pathogen and control the global public health crisis. It is essential to achieve herd immunity through vaccination globally in order to prevent SARS-CoV-2 from continuing to mutate, becoming more resistant to current vaccines, and causing more periods of mass fatality. Vaccines train our immune system to recognize the targeted virus and create antibodies to fight off the disease without getting the disease itself. After vaccination, the body is ready to fight the virus if it is later exposed to it, thereby preventing serious illness, hospitalizations, and deaths. Thus, COVID-19 vaccination can have a substantial impact on mitigating outbreaks and may be the best hope for ending the pandemic by getting back to a normal way of life.
Biologic Drug Substance and Drug Product Manufacture
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Ajit S. Narang, Mary E. Krause, Shelly Pizarro, Joon Chong Yee
Structurally, Ig is commonly represented in a typical Y-arm structure (Figure 8.1) consisting of two large/heavy and two small/light polypeptide chains joined by disulfide bridges. Antibody fragments consist of a (mostly) constant region (designated, Fc) and an antigen-binding region (designated, Fab). Antibodies that recognize multiple sites of an antigen are termed polyclonal, whereas antibodies that target only a specific site are monoclonal. Identical immune cells make monoclonal antibodies, whereas polyclonal antibodies are produced by a mass of immune cells that may produce antibodies against different regions of the antigen. In industrial applications, monoclonal antibodies are prepared using recombinant DNA technology in cultured cells. For human clinical applications, monoclonal antibodies are generally preferred. Polyclonal antibodies are utilized for diagnostic and lab use such as immunohistochemistry.
Polymeric nanoparticles for selective protein recognition by using thiol-ene miniemulsion photopolymerization
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Merve Yaşar, Fulya Dal Yöntem, M. Vezir Kahraman, Nilhan Kayaman Apohan, Zerrin Aktaş, Mustafa Oral Öncül, Handan Akçakaya
Natural antibodies bind to specific antigen molecules with high affinity and selectivity to neutralize them. Because of these characteristics, antibodies are widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in medicine and for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of target molecules in molecular and immunological techniques. In this study, myoglobin as a model template was used to fabricate molecular imprinted nanoparticles (MIPs) in the presence of functional monomers. After polymerization, the myoglobin is removed by washing step leaving its recognition sites on the MIPs nanoparticles. In Figure 7, the adsorption equilibrium experiments of myoglobin by the MIPs were performed in PBS buffer. The aim of this experiment is to find the saturation time for MIPs by myoglobin molecules. As seen in Figure 7 the adsorbed amount of myoglobin increased with time and reached maximum saturation value at 12 h. The maximum binding capacity of myoglobin was found as 0.475 mg/mg MIPs.
Scheduling batch processing machine problem with non-identical job sizes via artificial immune system
Published in Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 2018
Our immunoglobulin-based AIS algorithm is inspired by the nature immune system. Human protect themselves from attack by harmful organisms under the help of immune system. Antibodies will be produced from the B cells of the immune system to bind pathogens called antigens which have invaded human body. After binding, the pathogens are disabled by antibody and destroyed easily by the immune system. And if antibodies have complementary shapes, it will have more powerful ability to bind antigens, so the diversity of the immunoglobulin is a key point to bind the antigen, and there are three parts of diversity: somatic recombination, somatic hypermutation, and isotype switching. In humans, the immunoglobulin genes can be formulated into antibodies by three chromosomal combinations. To express the diversity of the immune system, the process of somatic recombination is generated in the immune system where different combinations of genes encode different pure antibodies, called IgM. IgM’s gene will be changed through somatic hypermutation if B cells encounter with antigen. And the somatic hypermutation occurs more frequently than other mutations for a gene. At last, an isotype switching is used to make the antibody more powerful to bind antigen.
Human Epithelial Type-2 Cell Image Classification Using an Artificial Neural Network with Hybrid Descriptors
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2020
B. S. Divya, Kamalraj Subramaniam, H.R. Nanjundaswamy
The immune system detects a wide range of pathogens, which cause diseases. Each pathogen has a unique antigen on its surface. Antigen induces immune response to produce antibodies in the host to fight against pathogens. The immune system malfunctions by confusing the normal healthy tissues for the pathogens and fights against the normal healthy tissues by generating antibodies, thus causing damages. This condition is known as autoimmune disease. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are autoantibodies generated against own healthy cell nucleus causing autoimmune disease [1]. The likely developing autoimmune diseases are lupus, scleroderma, Sjögren’s syndrome, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, drug-induced lupus, and autoimmune hepatitis [2].