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Opportunistic business models in the generic drug market
Published in Rachel Kim, Economics and Management in the Biopharmaceutical Industry in the USA, 2018
Turing’s unethical behavior impacts patients in significant ways since Daraprim® is used to treat a serious illness. In the United States, 22.5% of adults carry the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In most of these cases, the people carrying the parasite seldom get ill. However, after a comorbid HIV infection, an organ transplant, or chemotherapy, people can suffer from toxoplasmosis when exposed to the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis can cause severe brain and eye damage, particularly in infants born to mothers who have the parasite, and it can also cause severe symptoms like seizures and confusion in people with suppressed immune systems. Approximately 2,000 Americans take Daraprim® each year (CDC, 2018). The Infectious Diseases Society of America and the HIV Medicine Association estimate that at Turing’s new price, the cost of treating a patient with a course of pyrimethamine would now range from $336,000 to $634,500, depending on the patient’s weight (CDC, 2018; Van der Gronde, Groot, & Pieters, 2017).
Functionalisation of Dendrimers
Published in Neelesh Kumar Mehra, Keerti Jain, Dendrimers in Nanomedicine, 2021
Divya Bharti Rai, Deep Pooja, Hitesh Kulhari
Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogen that causes morbidity and mortality. Pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine are currently being used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis. The main problem with the drugs is that they do not eliminate the parasite because Toxoplasma gondii encysted bradyzoites. Therefore, dendrimer-based formulation was used that can effectively treat toxoplasma gondii infection by crossing the host cell membrane, the parasitophorous vacuole and the tachyzoite membranes. Transductive peptide dendrimers are potential therapeutics because they can transport small bioactive molecules across multiple membranes through intracellular tachyzoites and encysted bradyzoites and they can also enhance the toxicity of the drugs (Moulton 2012).
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution that is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Human exposure is common with the risk of severe complications highest in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Infection is usually asymptomatic with symptomatic cases presenting with features that range from non-specific flu-like illness and painless lymphadenopathy to severe illnesses such as ocular, congenital and acute disseminated toxoplasmosis. Diagnosis is via serology with neuroimaging investigations providing confirmatory evidence of cerebral infection. Treatment with antibiotics may be beneficial.
Cross-sectional community-based study to assess the awareness of toxoplasmosis in Saudi Arabia
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Hanadi B. Baghdadi, Ibrahim Abbas, Mohamed Abdo Rizk
The results of the current survey indicate that women in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province have a low level of knowledge of toxoplasmosis; only roughly one-fourth of the female participants had heard of the disease. Earlier surveys evaluating awareness of Saudi population on toxoplasmosis have targeted women and/or university female students in only four out of the 13 provinces in the country. Previous surveys on toxoplasmosis among surveyed females from various provinces including the Eastern province highlighted the low or incomplete knowledge about such infection (Table S2). However, a published report from this province is very alarming; a total of 160 pregnant women (including 84 with a history of abnormal pregnancy outcomes) in a gestational age of ≤16 weeks have been tested for T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies as well as for T. gondii DNA. Out of the 160 women tested, 44 had IgG antibodies, and 74 had IgM including 57 with low IgG avidity. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was interestingly detected in 32 out of 67 cases selected from various seropositive and seronegative groups (Al Mohammad et al. 2010). This very high prevalence of IgM antibodies as well as T. gondii DNA points to a serious risk for congenital toxoplasmosis. In Saudi Arabia or even in the other Arabian countries, a nationwide screening program for congenital toxoplasmosis is still lacking despite of the great revolution in the health care systems, which could be a probable reason for lack of toxoplasmosis awareness among Saudi women.