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Medical biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
In general terms, organ transplant is the moving of an organ from one body to another for the purpose of replacing the recipient’s damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. Organ donors can be living or deceased. In the human body, both organs (such as the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, and intestines) and tissues (which include bones, tendons, cornea, heart valves, veins, arms, and skin) can be transplanted. Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine.
Proportionally fair organ transplantation allocation rules
Published in IISE Transactions, 2022
Farhad Hasankhani, Amin Khademi
This public health crisis has received significant attention from governmental entities and research communities. For example, the White House Office of Science and Technology issued a call to action to reduce the size of the waiting list noting that “ending the wait for organ transplant … [is] some of what America can do” (The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 2016). Due to the notable imbalance between supply and demand, organ transplantation allocation rules play a critical role in the performance of the transplant systems and have a striking impact on patients’ lives and society. As a result, the United States Congress passed the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) in 1984, which enacted rules to ensure that organ allocation rules are efficient and fair. However, designing efficient and fair allocation policies is extremely challenging, and the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) has periodically changed them in response to advances in research and technology (Colvin-Adams et al., 2012). In fact, there is a fundamental and natural conflict between efficiency and fairness in organ allocation as long as the organ shortage persists.
Online domain adaptation for continuous cross-subject liver viability evaluation based on irregular thermal data
Published in IISE Transactions, 2021
According to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, there were over 120,000 patients in need an organ transplant in September 2020 (HRSA, 2020). Every 9 minutes, someone is added to the national transplant waiting list, and 95 transplants take place each day in the US on average (HRSA, 2020). One challenge for the organ transplantation is that the maximum viability of organs under ideal procurement conditions is limited to between 4 and 6 hours for the lungs and heart and 8 to 12 hours for the liver and pancreas. The actual viability of an organ is dependent on many factors, such as donor health and procurement conditions. It is very important to accurately evaluate an organ’s viability before its transplantation.
Intraoperative storage of saphenous vein grafts in coronary artery bypass grafting
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Catherine J. Pachuk, Sophie K. Rushton-Smith, Maximilian Y. Emmert
In organ transplant, preservation solutions are used to maintain the viability of an organ prior to grafting, involving − to a significant extent − protection against IRI initiated during ischemic episodes [13–15]. The initial ischemic damage primes cells and tissues for further damage, the effects of which manifest only upon reperfusion [16]. Subsequent reperfusion does not therefore restore normality, but instead exacerbates damage incurred during ischemia [13,15]. Reperfusion injury in response to ischemic injury occurs both during the initial reperfusion phase and long-term during a prolonged reperfusion phase, the severity of which is related to the level of initial ischemic insult [17].