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Naturally Occurring Polymers—Animals
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
Our blood type is determined by a gene that is present on chromosome 9, near the end of the long arm. There are four general blood types, A, AB, B, and O. Some of these are “intermixable” while others are not. For instance, A blood from a person is compatible with A and AB; B with B and AB; and AB with only AB; and O blood is compatible with all of the blood types—a person with type O is then a universal donor. These compatibility scenarios are not race related. For all but the native Americans that have almost totally type O, the rest of us have about 40% type O; another 40% type A; 15% type B; and 5% with type AB. (Some of the Eskimos are type AB or B and some Canadian tribes are type A.) A and B are codominant versions of the same gene and O is the “recessive” form of this gene.
The Trouble With Blood Is It All Looks the Same: Transfusion Errors
Published in Marilyn Sue Bogner, Misadventures in Health Care, 2003
Laura Peterson usually worked in clinical chemistry, but was covering the blood bank because the person who typically worked there was home ill. Laura had been trained in blood bank procedures, but did not perform them very often. Her first task when she received the blood sample labeled WM, 687115 was to test it to determine its type. There are four blood types based on the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B; they are types O, A, B, and AB. People with blood type A or B have one antigen, type AB people have both, and type O people have neither. Thus, type A blood presents a foreign antigen that type O patients and type B patients lack and can respond to with an immune response— antibodies that attack and destroy cells containing the foreign antigen. Likewise, B is a foreign antigen for type O and type A patients.
Overview of the Product Life Cycle
Published in Jon M. Quigley, Kim L. Robertson, Configuration Management, 2019
Jon M. Quigley, Kim L. Robertson
ISO cleanliness level 1 assemblies can only contain ISO cleanliness level 1 parts but can be used on any other ISO level assembly (Table 1.2). This is referred to as one-way part substitution. ISO particle size is shown in Table 1.3. Again, there is a biological similarity in human blood types. Blood typing is concerned with antigens, antibodies, and rhesus (Rh) factors. People with blood type O Rh– can only receive blood from other O Rh– donors, but they can donate blood to any other blood group (O Rh– is known as the universal donor). People with blood type AB Rh+ can only donate blood to other AB Rh+ recipients, but they can receive blood from any other blood group (AB Rh+ is known as the universal recipient). This concept is depicted in Table 1.4.
Boosting symbiotic organism search algorithm with ecosystem service for dynamic blood allocation in blood banking system
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Prinolan Govender, Absalom E Ezugwu
In reality, modelling the blood allocation problem is a challenging task because of the short shelf-life of blood, which, for red blood cells, is usually between 28 and 30 days, and because of the blood grouping system. Blood types of recipient and donor must be compatible. Blood is classified overall into four major types; namely the A, B, O, and AB blood groups. The grouping system is further complicated with the introduction of the Rhesus (positive or negative) factor, which means blood is classified into eight major types namely, A+, A−, B+, B−, AB+, AB−, O+, and O−. Consequently, modelling the implementation of the blood allocation problem will also have to consider the issue of assigning compatible blood types to the right recipients carefully. If this process is not handled well, incompatible blood might result in the death of the recipient. The current study has tried to incorporate these critical issues in the proposed mathematical model and its hybrid metaheuristic algorithm implementation.
Kode Technology – a universal cell surface glycan modification technology
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2019
Stephen M. Henry, Nicolai V. Bovin
The glycan blood group antigens present in the human red cell include those of the ABO, H, Lewis, P1PK, I, GLOB, and FORS systems (Storry et al. 2014). Within each of these systems there are often multiple antigenic variations, for example the ABO system has four well-recognised blood groups of A, B, AB and O. However, each individual blood type has its own variations; for example, blood group A has five core structural variations (A type 1, A type 2, A type 3, A type 4, A type 6) and additional antigenic variations formed by complex interactions with other blood group systems to form combination antigens (e.g. ALeb) (Oriol et al. 1986). Each of these variations is further confounded by different carriers of the antigen (glycoproteins & glycolipids, and each with multiple structural variations). As if these complexities were not enough, quantitative variations of the same antigen between individuals can create different blood phenotypic variations (e.g. A1, A2, A3, Am, Ael phenotypes). Thus, glycan blood group phenotypes are not simply defined by the presence or absence of a single qualitative (structural difference) structure, but are also a quantitative (amount present) cluster of related families of specific qualitative antigens (and their precursors), against which antibody and lectin reagents that detect them have been specifically formulated. This lack of an ‘all or nothing’ relationship adds substantial complexities to glycan profiling of cells and their blood group phenotyping – but highlights the fact that carbohydrate profiling of cells must account for both qualitative and quantitative differences while also accommodating for complexities in antibody specificity and cross-reactivity (Barr et al. 2014; Williams et al. 2016b).