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Designing for Foot and Ankle Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Foot deformities may be genetic, neurologic, arthritic, traumatic, or footwear-induced. Foot abnormalities require careful choice of footwear to accommodate foot structures that often are not considered in off-the-shelf products. Footwear can be adapted with the use of orthotics. Another, more costly, option is custom-made footwear. The most common foot abnormalities that can affect design and fit of footwear are: bunions, hammertoes, claw toes, mallet toes, pes planus, and pes cavus. See Figure 8.13 for illustrations of foot and toe deformities and Figure 8.9 for an illustration of pes planus and pes cavus.
The Challenges of Monitoring Physical Activity in Children with Wearable Sensor Technologies
Published in Daniel Tze Huei Lai, Rezaul Begg, Marimuthu Palaniswami, Healthcare Sensor Networks, 2016
Gita Pendhakar, Daniel T.H. Lai, Alistair Shilton, Remco Polman
Toe walking is a condition in children whereby the child has an abnormal gait and adopts a strong plantar flexed position with the foot and walks on the head of the metatarsals rather than with a heel-toe gait. Toe walking normally occurs in children with a variety of neurological conditions and can be associated with several diagnoses (Shulman 1997). Children who have spastic cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spinal injury or acute myopathy often toe walk as they adopt a plantar flexed posture during walking.
Ergonomics
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh, Safe Work Practices for Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2018
Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh
Prolonged standing or walking is commonly encountered in industry and can be very painful. Lower back pain and other health problems have been associated with prolonged standing. Following are some precautions to take to minimize standing hazards (Carson, 1994):Anti-fatigue mats—Such mats provide cushioning between the feet and hard working surfaces, such as concrete floors. This cushioning effect can reduce muscle fatigue and lower back pain.Shoe inserts —When anti-fatigue mats are not feasible because employees must move among a variety of surfaces, shoe inserts may be the answer.Foot rails—When added to work stations, foot rails can help relieve the hazards of prolonged standing. Foot rails allow employees to elevate one foot at a time 4 or 5 inches. The elevated foot rounds out the lower back, thereby relieving some of the pressure on the spinal column.Workplace design —A well-designed workstation can help relieve the hazards of prolonged standing by allowing workers to move about while they work.Sit/stand chairs—These chairs are higher than normal to allow employees who typically stand while working to take quick mini-breaks and return to work without the hazards associated with getting out of lower chairs.Proper footwear—Proper footwear is critical for employees who stand for prolonged periods. Well-fitting, comfortable shoes that grip the work surface and allow free movement of the toes are best.
Examination of running pattern consistency across speeds
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2022
Aurélien Patoz, Thibault Lussiana, Bastiaan Breine, Cyrille Gindre, Davide Malatesta,, Kim Hébert-Losier
was defined as the time from footstrike to toe-off of the same foot while was defined as the time from toe-off of one foot to footstrike of the contralateral foot. SF was calculated as , and DF as . For all temporal variables, the values extracted from the 10-s data collection for each participant were averaged. To express the temporal variables as relative, each variable was normalised using the min-max scaler approach, i.e., where represents the value for a given participant and the minimum/maximum among all participants at a given speed. The normalised variables were used in subsequent statistical analyses.
Detecting mechanical breakpoints during treadmill-based graded exercise test: Relationships to ventilatory thresholds
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Siu Nam Li, Peter Peeling, Clint Hansen, Ken Van Alsenoy, Joong Hyun Ryu, Olivier Girard
The treadmill was mounted on a highly rigid metal frame, set at 0° grade incline, fixed to the ground through four piezoelectric force transducers (KI 9077b; Kistler, Winterthur, Switzerland) and installed on a special engineered concrete slab to ensure maximal rigidity of the supporting ground. Data was continuously sampled at 1000 Hz. After appropriate filtering (Butterworth-type 30 Hz low-pass filter, fourth order), instantaneous data of FZ and antero-posterior forces were then averaged over the support phase of each step (FZ > 30 N). These data were completed by measurements of the main spatio-temporal variables: contact time (Tc) [s], aerial time (Ta) [s], step length (SL) [m] and step frequency (SF) [Hz]. Foot strike and toe-off instants were determined as FZ rose above and fell below 30 N. The SF was calculated as the inverse of step duration, which was the time from foot strike of one leg to the next foot strike of the other leg. The Tc was the duration from foot strike to toe-off, and Ta was the duration from toe-off to foot strike. Vertical mean loading rate (LR) [BW.s−1] was calculated as the mean value of the time derivate of FZ signal within the first 50 ms of support phase. Also, antero-posterior forces were analysed with main variables defined as peak braking and peak push-off forces [BW], duration of braking and push-off phases [s] along with braking and push-off impulses [BW.s].
Forefoot running requires shorter gastrocnemius fascicle length than rearfoot running
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Takahito Suzuki, Rintaro Ogane, Katsutoshi Yaeshima, Ryuta Kinugasa
At initial contact, there was no significant main effect of either foot strike pattern (F1,6 = 2.23, ε = 1.00, P= 0.186) or running speed (F2,12 = 0.58, ε = 0.99, P = 0.572) on the Achilles tendon length, but there was a significant interaction of the two factors on Achilles tendon length (F2,12 = 10.99, ε = 0.66, P = 0.009; Figure 3(b)). Post-hoc testing indicated that the Achilles tendon length at initial contact with forefoot strike was significantly longer than that of the rearfoot strike at 18 km h−1 (P = 0.041) but was not significantly different at either 10 or 14 km h−1 (P = 0.686 and P = 0.086, respectively; Figure 4). At the time of Achilles tendon peak elongation and toe-off, there was no significant main effect of foot strike pattern or running speed, and there was no significant interaction effect on the Achilles tendon length (Table 2).