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Articular Cartilage Pathology and Therapies
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Gout is a buildup of uric acid crystals in the blood and synovial fluid, leading to inflammatory arthritis. This increase in uric acid levels in the blood can be due to a lack of uric acid excretion by the kidneys or increased dietary intake of foods high in purine, a uric acid precursor. Excessive alcohol consumption is also commonly associated with increased uric acid concentrations (Saker et al. 1967; Liberopoulos et al. 2004; Fam 2005; Zhang et al. 2006; Choi and Curhan 2007), although the role of alcohol in gout progression is increasingly being questioned (Hennigan and Terkeltaub 2007). Gout has been described since ancient times by both the Babylonians and Egyptians, with Hippocrates providing one of the classical descriptions in the fifth century BC, relating it to dietary intake of alcohol and certain foods. The most common joint affected is the first metatarsophalangeal joint (big toe). Other disorders associated with increased uric acid concentration include tophus formation (large MSU crystals) and renal calculi (Figure 3.7).
Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Musculus plantar interossei fill the space between the metatarsal bones. There are three muscles. The plantar interossei are smaller than the dorsal interossei. Insertion: The origin is on the medial sides of the third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones. Distal insertion is on the medial sides and bases of the proximal phalanges of the third, fourth, and fifth toes. Action: It is the flexor of the metatarsophalangeal joints and adductor of the toes. Innervation is given by the lateral plantar nerve.
Musculoskeletal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Gout is caused by uric acid crystal deposition in soft tissues and articular structures. Acute gout refers to soft tissue swelling, with no visible bony changes. Chronic gouty arthropathy occurs with recurrent acute gout. Gouty arthropathy is usually asymmetric in distribution and often monoarticular. Gouty arthropathy involves the first metatarsophalangeal joint in 70 per cent of cases. Other commonly affected joints include ankles, knees and intertarsal joints.
Highlighting the present state of biomechanics in shoe research (2000–2023)
Published in Footwear Science, 2023
Benno M. Nigg, Sandro Nigg, Fabian Hoitz, Ashna Subramanium, Jordyn Vienneau, John William Wannop, Arash Khassetarash, Shahab Alizadeh, Emily Matijevich, Eric C. Honert, W. Brent Edwards, Maurice Mohr
The midsole longitudinal bending stiffness refers to the ability of a shoe to resist bending, primarily at the metatarsophalangeal joint. This was a shoe feature that, until the early 2000s, had been primarily overlooked. The initial goal of incorporating stiff elements into footwear was to reduce the energy lost at the metatarsophalangeal joint, which was thought to result in an improved performance (Stefanyshyn & Nigg, 1997, 1998, 2000). This was achieved with the use of flat, stiff carbon-fibre plates inserted along the length of the midsole to limit dorsi- and plantar-flexion at the metatarsophalangeal joint, while keeping the mass low. Initial studies showed improvements in running performance of ∼1% with increased midsole bending stiffness (Roy & Stefanyshyn, 2006). However, the method by which these improvements occurred was not solely due to the optimisation of metatarsophalangeal energetics, as was initially thought. Theories that relate to lower extremity joint work redistribution (Cigoja et al., 2022) and alterations to the cost of muscular contraction (Cigoja et al., 2020) have been proposed more recently. Additionally, one stiffness value does not uniformly result in improved performance, as there appears to be an athlete specific bending stiffness in which runners will improve performance, with deviations from this optimal stiffness decreasing performance (Chollet et al., 2023).
Increased toe flexor strength does not relate to altered postural sway during static upright standing after 12 weeks of multicomponent exercise training
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Keiji Koyama, Junichiro Yamauchi
Subjects in the training group were trained three days a week at the exercise laboratory for a 12-week period and were supervised by instructors during the exercise session. The multicomponent exercise training consisted of strengthening and balance exercises for the foot and leg muscles and were performed barefoot in the following order: (1) agility, (2) balance, and (3) strength exercises (Figure 1). The exercise training regimen has been described previously (Koyama & Yamauchi, 2017). Before exercise, the subjects warmed up with self-paced walking for 3 minutes. Additionally, before and after exercise, they performed static stretching exercises of the foot and leg muscles for 5 minutes. The agility exercise consisted of a series of ladder and mini-hurdle drills. The ladder exercises used a 4.05 m-long ladder with 45 cm-long steps, and the mini-hurdle exercises used 15 mini-hurdles placed at 70 cm intervals. The balance ball exercise was performed on a both-sides-up balance device (BOSU; Fitness Quest, Canton, OH). Subjects were instructed to stand with both feet on the circular BOSU platform and to maintain standing balance over an inflated hemisphere for 2 minutes. The foot and calf muscle exercises included a standing calf-raise exercise and towel-gathering strength exercise. For the calf-raise exercise, subjects stood with their feet shoulder-width apart and raised their heels with their knees locked. The towel-gathering exercise involved toe flexion at the metatarsophalangeal joint. With only their toes, subjects pulled a towel that was loaded with a weight equal to 60% of the maximum TFS.