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Quantitative ultrasound
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Christian M Langton, Christopher F Njeh
The phalanges are bones located in the fingers on the hand. Other significant bones in the hand are the metacarpals. The metacarpals were used as a measurement site in the early days of cortical index to measure bone status. For QUS application, the measurement site is the distal metaphysis of the first phalanx of the last four fingers. The medio-lateral surfaces are approximately parallel. In the metaphysis, both cortical and trabecular bone are present. Both types of bone tissue are extremely sensitive to age-related bone resorption. Cortical bone usually becomes more porous with advancing age. In addition, the cortices of long bone become thinner because the rate of endosteal resorption exceeds the rate of periosteal formation of bone. Taken together, the age-related losses of cortical and cancellous bone substantially increase the fragility of bone. In one study, the phalanges of elderly women had the highest deviation from peak adult bone mass compared with other techniques like spine DXA, spine QCT, femoral neck DXA and forearm DXA [99]. They are, therefore, appropriate to evaluate the risk of fracture. Depending on the technique, the phalanges can be measured in the mediolateral direction (DBM-sonic) or along the surface in the posterior–anterior direction.
Designing for Foot and Ankle Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Like bones of the fingers, the bones of the toes are called phalanges. The “big toe” is also called the hallux and has two phalanges, while the other toes each have three phalanges; proximal (closest to the metatarsals), middle, and distal. Toe lengths and the relationships of one toe length to another can vary (Figure 8.2). The three common foot types based on toe length are the “Egyptian type” with the hallux the longest toe, the “Greek type” with the second toe the longest, and the “square type” with similar lengths for all toes (Xiong, Rodrigo, & Goonetilleke, 2013). The “Egyptian type” occurs most often. Consider foot type differences when designing footwear.
Kinematic analysis of four-fingered tendon actuated robotic hand
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023
E. Neha, M. Suhaib, S. Mukherjee, Yogesh Shrivastava
The proposed hand has four fingers: the Index finger (IF), the Middle finger (MF), the Ring finger (RF) and one opposing thumb (TH) (Figure 2). As shown in Figure 2, the IF, MF and RF are in series. There are three phalanges (links), i.e., proximal, middle and the distal phalanges, in every finger. Each finger has three DOFs while the thumb has two DOF’s. The proximal link of the thumb has fixed joint and is connected to the base. All the other links of the fingers have rotational joints with one DOF. Thus, the hand has a total of 11 DOFs. In addition, the palm is also introduced for power grasping.
Estimation of grip strength using monocular camera for home-based hand rehabilitation
Published in SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration, 2021
Nagisa Matsumoto, Koji Fujita, Yuta Sugiura
The thumb is composed of distal and proximal phalanges, and the fingers are composed of distal, middle, and proximal phalanges. Each proximal phalanx is connected to a metacarpal bone on the back of the hand. The interphalangeal (IP) joint is located between the distal and proximal phalanges in the thumb. The distal IP (DIP) joint is located between the distal and middle phalanges of the fingers, the proximal IP (PIP) joint is located between the middle and proximal phalanges, and the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint is located between the proximal phalange and a metacarpal bone.