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Designing for Hand and Wrist Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The extrinsic hand muscles generate the greatest biomechanical forces in the hand. A series of restraints along the tendons, ranging from the tendon sheaths and retinacula at the wrist (previously discussed relative to the carpal tunnel) and small pulley-like structures in the palm and along the volar fingers guide and constrain the actions of the long flexor tendons. The IP joint extensor tendons, visible on the dorsum of the hand, are less restrained and easier to see in the hand than the flexor tendons. Comprehensive biomechanical studies of this important human feature are scarce due to the intricacy of structures and the complicated nature of hand, thumb, and finger function. Research related to development of hand prosthetics provides the greatest insight into hand biomechanics, as engineers attempt to replicate hand function for amputees.
Development of Hand Rehabilitation System Using Wire-Driven Link Mechanism for Paralysis Patients
Published in Yunhui Liu, Dong Sun, Biologically Inspired, 2017
Hiroshi Yamaura, Kojiro Matsushita, Ryu Kato, Hiroshi Yokoi
As the development of various technologies in medical applications becomes more rapid, machine-assisted physical rehabilitation, which requires long-term recurrent movements, is in increasing demand. For example, hand rehabilitation is an important process because hand movement is one of the most basic actions performed in daily life. Generally hand paralysis or contracture is treated with the assistance of a physical therapist. The therapist holds and repeatedly moves the fingers affected by paralysis or contracture through the maximum range of their joint angles (Figure 15.1). A few months are usually required to improve the range through which the fingers can move. As a result, hand rehabilitation is expensive and time consuming. Furthermore, the unavailability of physical therapists underscores the requirement for engineering solutions for physical rehabilitation. A hand rehabilitation machine that can act as a substitute for physical therapists would be beneficial (Burger et al. 2000).
Body strength
Published in Karl H.E. Kroemer, Fitting the Human, 2017
Shaping the tool handle° to provide high friction (often helped by wearing a glove), even to achieve mechanical interlocking between the hand and the handle (with suitable grooves, bulges, and serrations), facilitates secure holding and transfer of energy. Proper tool design and use should keep the wrist straight, not bent, to avoid the overexertion of connective tissues (muscles, tendons, tendon sheaths) and especially to prevent the compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel at the base of the hand. The carpal tunnel syndrome (Chapter 2) is a painful and disabling affliction that often results from repetitive motions of the hand, such as in assembly work or keyboard use. Avoid wrist bending
A Panoramic Survey on Grasping Research Trends and Topics
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2019
Manuel Graña, Marcos Alonso, Alberto Izaguirre
Though rehabilitation robotics may be considered some kind of assistive robotics, its goal is somehow different, and so are the raised challenges. Specifically hand rehabilitation requires grasping robot aids. Hand rehabilitation patients aim to recover mobility, strength, and dexterity in their hands after some trauma. Therefore, the exoskeleton must sense/predict the intended motion of the human hand guiding it to the completion of the motion without stressing it. Sensing the object grasping quality and the hand state, and achieving control that avoids hand stress are challenging in grasping rehabilitation robotics. The use of conductive elastometer sensors allows for low cost rehabilitation exoskeleton gloves that also have capabilities to detect object slippage (Lee, Williams, and Ben-Tzvi 2018). Force sensing at the tip of the fingers allow intelligent grasping that is able to distinguish between rigid and flexible objects. For rehabilitation purposes, it is important to provide the user with sensory feedback, allowing to perceive the completion of the rehabilitation exercise (Schoepp et al. 2018) while avoiding excessive stress on the damaged hand. A different kind of challenge is that of hand exoskeleton weight and size, which is critical for its usability. The use of novel elastic actuators (Bianchi et al. 2018) holds the promise of compact and lightweight hand exoskeletons for grasping rehabilitation.
Pediatric and adolescent injury in skateboarding
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2018
Francesco Feletti, Eric Brymer
A summary of studies providing data on anatomical location of injuries is provided in Table 2. Skateboarding injuries most often involved upper limbs (Range = 22.8–77.2%), followed by lower limbs (Range = 13.9–44.6%). Trunk and head injuries are less common but may be severe, including spinal and internal organs injuries (Campodonico, Paparo, Calcagno, Capponi, & Conzi, 2016; Cass & Ross, 1990; Kruse, 1990; Lustenberger et al., 2010 ; McKenzie et al., 2016; Pendergrast, 1990). Most upper limb injuries were distal radius fractures, hand fractures and soft tissue injuries of the wrist. Rethnam et al. (2008) detemined that these three categories of injury account for 72.2% of upper limb injuries.
Developments and clinical evaluations of robotic exoskeleton technology for human upper-limb rehabilitation
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2020
Akash Gupta, Anshuman Singh, Varnita Verma, Amit Kumar Mondal, Mukul Kumar Gupta
In this section, upper-limb anatomy has been briefly explained which is required to design a robotic exoskeleton device having optimum human-robot interaction (HRI). The shoulder complex consists of Clavicle Joint (Collarbone) and Scapula (Shoulder Blade). The Shoulder complex and elbow complex are connected with the Humerus, while the Elbow complex and wrist joint are connected with two bones Radius and Ulna that form the forearm as shown in Figure 2. Finally, the hand consists of Carpal bone, Metacarpal bones, and the Phalanges.