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Applications of Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Therapy and Modeling of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
Published in Deepak A. Lamba, Patient-Specific Stem Cells, 2017
Suranjit Mukherjee, Shuibing Chen
In the pathogenesis of obesity-linked T2DM, the adipose tissue becomes increasingly insulin resistant, resulting in less glucose uptake and increased hydrolysis of stored lipids. These free fatty acids then enter circulation and deposit in the muscle and the liver, leading to steatosis and tissue dysfunction. Attempts to elucidate the mechanism underlying adipose tissue expansion and insulin resistance have revealed that in mouse models of obesity, the expansion of adipocytes in response to increasing triacylglyceride content leads to a lipotoxicity that recruits macrophages and other inflammatory cell types, setting off a series of cytokine events that are linked to insulin resistance (2). GWASs have also helped shed light on some of the genetic components behind predispositions to obesity, with the identification of SNPs in PPARγ and polymorphisms in the FTO gene, being highly correlated to obesity and T2DM (28,29).
Tissue expanders with a focus on extremity reconstruction
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Abdul R. Arain, Keegan Cole, Christopher Sullivan, Samik Banerjee, Jillian Kazley, Richard L. Uhl
Saline-based expanders can be used in any part of the body in which skin tissue is lost commonly found in conditions, such as burns and trauma. In the head and neck region, many distinct skin types can be preserved using tissue expansion [21]. Historically one of the primary uses of tissue expansion has been in breast reconstruction surgery following mastectomies. Compared to the myocutaneous flap, saline-tissue expansion offers several advantages including less muscle function and sensory deficits, and no additional scars [22]. Internal tissue expanders have been used in pediatric reconstructive surgery and are gaining popularity in the treatment of congenital defects including but not limited to exomphalomos, Cornelia de Lange syndrome, and webbing of the neck.