China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
In Vivo Assessment
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Maria Yanez, Scott Collins, Thomas Boland
There are different surgical procedures to remove the malignant cells such as lumpectomy, partial mastectomy (quadrantectomy mastectomy), simple mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, and radical mastectomy. Currently, women undergo different procedures for breast reconstruction, including tissue flap procedures, graft for tissue support, and cell suspension injection after a liposuction (Miller et al. 2016; Riccio et al. 2015). These procedures have different problems associated with hernia, limited to high donor site morbidity, cell damage during liposuction, necrosis postinjection, and often implants are avoided while undergoing radiation treatments. Besides breast reconstruction, the majority of mastectomy cases also require nipple/areola reconstruction. Nipple sparing mastectomies in small-to-moderate size breast typically render the best cosmetic outcomes, though there are not always good results due to the nature of breast cancer. Results of available nipple areola complex (NAC) reconstruction techniques can be unpredictable. There are many different techniques, including nipple sharing, free-composite grafts, and local “pull-out” flaps, all of which are vulnerable to an unpredictable degree of loss (shape and volume), and in most cases require a second procedure.
Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in American women (Siegel, Miller, & Jemal, 2016). Treatment often includes surgery to remove part or all of the affected breast. Breast cancer surgery ranges from lumpectomy—removing a mass of tissue including the tumor and a margin around the tumor, to mastectomy—removing the breast and a variable amount of adjacent tissue. Some women at high risk of developing breast cancer due to genetic status elect to have both breasts removed as a preventive measure. Lymph nodes may also be removed from the axilla. After recovery from surgery, breast cancer treatment may include radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Some women elect breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy.
Impact of implant-based breast reconstruction on bra fit
Published in Ergonomics, 2022
Krista M. Nicklaus, Yen-Tung Liu, Chi Liu, Jevon Chu, Eloise Jewett, Karen Bravo, Mary Catherine Bordes, Jun Liu, Gregory P. Reece, Summer E. Hanson, Fatima Merchant, Mia K. Markey
Bra needs and preferences vary by type of breast cancer treatment (LaBat, Ryan, and Sanden-Will 2017). Those who have breast-conserving surgery may choose to wear an external prosthesis or search for bras that can accommodate a breast defect, such as a contour deformity (Fitch et al. 2012). Women who have mastectomy without reconstruction can use an external breast prosthesis or go flat. There is substantial variation in the bras used by women who have reconstruction following breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy, and some choose to not wear a bra (Nicklaus et al. 2020). It is important to note that while reconstruction can mitigate the appearance changes resulting from breast cancer and its treatment, even women who undergo reconstruction can still have substantial asymmetry between their breasts as well as breast shapes quite different from that of women who have not had breast cancer (Nicklaus et al. 2019; Gho et al. 2014).
A prototype 3D modelling and visualisation pipeline for improved decision-making in breast reconstruction surgery
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2022
Sara Amini, Marta Kersten-Oertel
In 2020, more than 2 million new patients were diagnosed with breast cancer, making it the most common type of cancer in women (Sung, et al., 2021). Treatment options for breast cancer include: chemotherapy, radiotherapy, breast-conserving surgery and mastectomy. Mastectomy surgery, i.e. removal of breast tissue, is suggested for women who have a family history of breast cancer to avoid cancer (i.e. prophylactic mastectomy), patients who have recurrent cancer in the same breast, or in instances where breast-conserving surgery is not a possibility (DeSantis, et al., 2019). According to the National Cancer Database (NCDB, 2021), in 2018 more than 100,000 patients had a total mastectomy in the US alone. Many of these patients choose to have breast reconstruction surgery using an implant to restore the breast’s lost shape and volume. A breast implant is a silicone pocket filled with silicone gel or saline. There are a variety of implants available in different sizes and shapes, and typically the surgeon and the patient will agree on an implant to be used in a pre-surgery decision-making process.
Additive manufacturing and large deformation responses of highly-porous polycaprolactone scaffolds with helical architectures for breast tissue engineering
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2021
Zijie Meng, Jiankang He, Dichen Li
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer amongst females globally, and the gold standard treatment is the surgical removal of the tumour tissues (Bai et al. 2019; Jia et al. 2020). However, mastectomy or lumpectomy usually results in permanent defects of the breast tissues, which negatively influences the physical and psychological well-being of the patients (Chhaya et al. 2015). Current options for the reconstruction of the breast tissues including the implantation of nondegradable silicon-based implants and fat tissue transplantation. However, substantial limitations and complications of these strategies have been increasingly realised such as capsular contracture, pain, tissue deformities and drastic resorption (Flassbeck et al. 2003; Cleversey, Robinson, and Willerth 2019; Cho et al. 2021). In the past few years, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have received enormous attention in the field of breast reconstruction due to their potentials to recover the damaged tissues and simultaneously address the challenges mentioned above (Chhaya et al. 2015; Chhaya et al. 2016; Poh et al. 2017). With the assistance of additive manufacturing (AM), Chhaya et al. were able to fabricate patient-specific breast scaffolds from poly (D, L)-lactide (PDLLA) polymer with pore sizes >1 mm, which supported sustained regeneration of adipose tissues (Chhaya et al. 2015). However, with the limitation of the high stiffness and continuous filament deposition of PDLLA materials, the fabricated scaffolds had a cross-hatched filament layout with an initial compressive modulus of 3 MPa, which was much higher than those of native adipose tissues (tens of kPa) (Meng et al. 2020a).