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Thermography by Specialty
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Obstruction or destruction of the lymphatic channels may lead to the condition of lymphedema, an accumulation of normal, non-infected lymph fluid within the tissues distal to the lymph blockage creating a swollen limb. Surgical disruption of lymph vessels or removal of lymph nodes is the major cause of lymphedema in developed countries (Figure 11.44). Lymphedema can be classified as mild (10%–20%), moderate (20%–40%), or severe (>40%), referring to the percentage of increase in limb volume. In mild and moderate cases, the involved limb is diffusely warmer than contralateral by up to 2°C (3.6°F), though this increase may not be present in the case of decreased arterial inflow. Also, as lymphedema becomes severe, skin warming may not be present due to decreased muscular activity, soft tissue degeneration, skin fibrosis, and deposition of dysfunctional subdermal fat in the affected limb.198
Biomimetic Microsystems for Blood and Lymphatic Vascular Research
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Lymphedema, the excess accumulation of interstitial fluid resulting from impaired fluid drainage into the lymphatic vasculature, affects more than 150 million individuals worldwide. There are two types of lymphedema: (1) primary and (2) secondary lymphedema (Doller 2013). Primary lymphedema is caused by inherent genetic alterations in patients, which accounts for approximately 10% incidence among all the lymphedema cases worldwide. In human, Milroy’s syndrome, lymphedema at the lower limbs presenting at birth or shortly after, has been described with mutations in VEGFR3 (Butler et al. 2007); lymphedema-distichiasis is known to involve FOXC2 mutations (Fang et al. 2000); and hypotrichosis–lymphedema–telangiectasia is caused by mutations in the transcription factor SOX18 (Irrthum et al. 2003). In mouse models, deficiencies or mutations in (1) lymphatics-related extracellular proteins (Angiopoietin-2, VEGF-C), (2) intracellular/membrane proteins (Ephrin B2, Integrin α9, NRP2, PDPN, SLP-76/SYK, SPRED1/2, VEGFR3), and (3) nuclear proteins (FOXC2, PROX1, SOX18) showed lymphatic dysfunction causing lymphedema-like phenotypes.
Miscellaneous procedures
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Lymphoedema, also known as lymphedema and lymphatic oedema, is a condition whereby localised fluid retention causes tissue swelling due to a compromised lymphatic system. In the normal lymphatic system interstitial fluid returns to the bloodstream. Imaging using radioactive substances may be used to confirm or negate the presence and site of lymphoedema. For lower limb studies the patient is injected with 99mTc-nanocolloid into the first webspace of both feet. If the upper limb lymphatics need to be imaged the nanocolloid is injected into the first web space of both hands. The examination is a safe, well-established, and minimally invasive technique for assessing lymphatic drainage in limbs for lymphoedema. This section is based on the BNMS 2011 professional guidelines [50].
The application of indocyanine green (ICG) and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging for assessment of the lymphatic system in reconstructive lymphaticovenular anastomosis surgery
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Albert H. Chao, Steven A. Schulz, Stephen P. Povoski
Lymphedema is a chronic condition of pathological swelling or volume increase within tissues due to dysfunction of the lymphatic system, which results in retention of fluid, and in more advanced stages collagen formation and cellular proliferation of adipocytes and fibroblasts[5]. Primary lymphedema is caused by abnormal development of the lymphatic system. Secondary lymphedema is relatively more common and results from injury to a normally developed lymphatic system, such as due to infection, surgery, or radiation therapy. Symptoms of lymphedema include swelling, enlargement, heaviness, and pain in the affected tissues, as well as an increased propensity for soft tissue infections. These changes are responsible for the reduced quality of life and substantial morbidity experienced by patients with lymphedema.
A fully coupled fluid-structure interaction model of the secondary lymphatic valve
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
John T. Wilson, Lowell T. Edgar, Saurabh Prabhakar, Marc Horner, Raoul van Loon, James E. Moore
The lymphatic system is responsible for the transport of lymph from the tissue interstitial space to the venous return (Swartz and Skobe 2001). In addition to maintaining tissue homeostasis, the lymphatic system is also vital in immune cell trafficking, cerebrospinal fluid/nasal drainage, and lipid transport (Zawieja et al. 2011). Decreased lymphatic pumping and flow can result in a condition known as lymphedema, which results in an excess of fluid in the interstitium (Mortimer and Rockson 2014). Lymphedema is a debilitating disease that affects many patients who have undergone axillary lymph node dissection as part of their breast cancer therapy (Cariati et al. 2015). Currently, there is no cure for lymphedema and management of the disease includes physical therapy and compression bandages/garments (Gordon and Mortimer 2007).