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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in American women (Siegel, Miller, & Jemal, 2016). Treatment often includes surgery to remove part or all of the affected breast. Breast cancer surgery ranges from lumpectomy—removing a mass of tissue including the tumor and a margin around the tumor, to mastectomy—removing the breast and a variable amount of adjacent tissue. Some women at high risk of developing breast cancer due to genetic status elect to have both breasts removed as a preventive measure. Lymph nodes may also be removed from the axilla. After recovery from surgery, breast cancer treatment may include radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Some women elect breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy.
in vivo Evaluation of Tissue-Engineered Injectable Devices for Breast Tissue Reconstruction
Published in Yusuf Khan, Cato T. Laurencin, Regenerative Engineering, 2018
Cheryl T. Gomillion, Karen J. L. Burg, Steven E. Ellis
Breast reconstruction procedures are commonly performed following tumor removal to restore the appearance of the breast to its normal contour and size. Numerous breast reconstruction procedures, including placement of breast implants and autologous tissue transfers, for example, are performed each year in the United States. Many complications associated with frequently used methods for breast reconstruction exist (Gomillion et al., 2007). Specifically, the use of autologous fat tissue transplantation as a means for breast reconstruction has been largely unsuccessful due to resorption of transplanted adipose tissue over time (Patrick, 2004; Simonacci et al., 2016). Because breast tissue is largely composed of adipose tissue, the development of breast tissue engineering strategies focused on regeneration of adipose tissue is of great interest to researchers who realize the need for alternate reconstruction methods. The ability to successfully reconstruct breast tissue using tissue engineering methods, however, has been limited to date because of an inability to produce large amounts of engineered adipose tissue that retain volume and remain viable over time (Choi et al., 2010; Patrick, 2000, 2001; Patrick et al., 1998; Renneker and Cutler, 1952). Only recently has one reported study described minimal success attempting to reconstruct the human breast post mastectomy using large volumes of engineered adipose tissue. However, the method described in this proof-of-concept study involved use of a nondegradable acrylic chamber within the patient’s chest wall, which required removal several months post implantation, further contributing to the patient’s strain and expense (Morrison et al., 2016).
Bra preferences of breast cancer survivors treated with mastectomy and prosthetic reconstruction
Published in International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 2020
Susanne M. Wroblewski, Maureen S. MacGillivray, Chin-I. Cheng
When reconstruction is considered, a woman must evaluate the available options and determine the process that would be most compatible with her desired outcome. Prosthetic reconstruction options can include direct or tissue expander processes with saline or silicone-filled implants (Mentor Guide to Reconstruction, 2018; Steligo, 2017). Depending on the degree of invasiveness of the surgery and whether or not the diagnosis requires post-surgical radiation, the reconstruction can be scheduled to occur immediately or after mastectomy recovery is complete (Miller et al., 2017). There are also combinations of autologous and prosthetic implants using tissue from the buttocks, lower abdomen and the upper back (Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy, 2017; Cordeiro, 2008; Steligo, 2017). These surgeries can lead to the formation of scar tissue in different areas that impact bra selection criteria. Nipples can be created from skin flaps near the site, formed from grafted tissue (Nipple reconstruction, 2019; Sisti et al., 2016). Tattoos can be used to enhance reconstructed nipple colour or to depict a two or three-dimensional nipple where none exists (Lee & Sheckter, 2018; Nipple reconstruction, 2019). Existence and style of nipples, whether they are erect or flat, and whether they are similar from left to right, impact how bra cups fit the individual.