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A Case Study of Additive Manufacturing in Prosthesis Development in Industry 4.0
Published in Ketan Kotecha, Satish Kumar, Arunkumar Bongale, R. Suresh, Industry 4.0 in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), 2022
M. C. Murugesh, R. Suresh, Ajith G. Joshi, Priya Jadhav
People with leg amputations can have normal function with the help of prostheses, which can have the appearance of real legs. A prosthesis is a replacement for an organic limb that may have been lost due to injury or deformation, and the mechanism of a prosthesis is designed to substitute for the function of the amputated limb. Part of a prosthetic limb is the residual limb, which refers to the part of the body that remains following an amputation. The residual limb, which is called the stump, is joined to the prosthesis by a socket (Radosh et al. 2017). The remaining part of the prosthesis is the adaptor which is aligned to the socket. The main function of the adaptor is to correctly assemble the foot below the leg. By studying the patient's walk and posture, especially walking on ground, the total length of the limb, and the balance of the limb during walking, adjustments can be made to the set-up which will allow the patient to walk easily and in a normal way. The underside of the adaptor is connected to the pylon. The pylon is a metallic part with a hollow cross section usually made of stainless steel or titanium that is connected to the socket of the prosthetic foot (Jin et al. 2015).
Scanning and Reverse Engineering
Published in Rafiq Noorani, 3D Printing, 2017
Rapid Prototyping is a technology developed in the late 1980s in order to fabricate physical models of 3D computer-aided designs (CAD). Since that time, RP has faced many challenges along its way to becoming one of the today’s most quickly expanding and versatile technologies. These challenges include dimensional accuracy, the speed of production, and materials available. As these challenges have been tackled by greater research and technological advancements, the full scope of RP applications has greatly expanded. Recently, RE has emerged as a useful tool to create models for which there is no design data. This has proven especially useful in the biomedical field in the creation of prosthetic limbs. There are many accident victims who have lost various limbs. While many prosthetics can cost as much as $30,000, a low-cost reverse engineered prosthetics only costs a few hundred dollars. This is giving hope to many who cannot afford the much more expensive models. For this reason, this case study focused on exploring the production of biomedical devices using low-cost reverse and RP engineering techniques.
Applications of Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing
Published in Linkan Bian, Nima Shamsaei, John M. Usher, Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing of Metal Parts, 2017
Bashir Khoda, Taniya Benny, Prahalad K. Rao, Michael P. Sealy, Chi Zhou
Prosthetics are artificial devices that modify and/or reinforce less functioning body parts or completely replace missing ones. According to the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists’ reports, in 1995, there were ~1.6 million users of prosthesis. By the year 2020, the number of users is expected to increase by 50% to a total of 2.4 million patients [22]. Growing consumers means a larger market; however, it also requires a technology revolution to realize “mass customization.” A simple cost–benefit analysis shows that traditional manufacturing technology is not capable of meeting this need. This has led to new opportunities for AM and a new era in manufacturing. In the field of prosthetics, orthodontic braces and hearing aids are two of the most commonly used applications of LBAM technology.
Low-cost body-powered prosthesis for transfemoral amputation
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2023
Obinna P. Fidelis, Ayomide P. Arowolo
In many low-income nations, prosthetics frequently have the shortest life span, estimated to be between 3–9 months with some lasting 12–18 months. Some of the ideal requirements for a basic prosthetic to be appropriate in a typical low-income country were identified as low cost, being locally available, being manually produced, consideration for local climate and working conditions, being durable and simple to repair, being simple to process using local production capacity, reproducible by local personnel, and being technically functional and biomechanically appropriate. Due to limited financial resources, prosthetic feet that are now available are mostly intended for walking, with aesthetics receiving minimal attention. Most of these nations evaluate performance mainly on functionality; if a person can travel from one place to another without assistance, the technology is typically seen as having achieved an acceptable result [19].
Electromyography pattern-recognition based prosthetic limb control using various machine learning techniques
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Sushil Ghildiyal, Geetha Mani, Ruban Nersisson
Over the past decades, several people lost their limb(s) due to serious infection, accident, or severe injury. This passage of amputation affected them psychologically and physically. In this situation, a prosthetic limb can act as a ray of hope for them. The control of powered prosthetic hands in some instances is a very challenging and tedious task. Many amputees have abandoned their powered hands for mechanical ones because of the control challenges. Orthotic and prosthetic devices play a substantial role in the amputee’s life [1]. All amputees, who use powered prosthetic arms, usually control their device by applying electrical signals produced simply by muscle contraction within their residual limb. This is acknowledged as electromyography (EMG) or myoelectric control. Moreover, these devices are designed with smart controls and user-friendly Human–Machine Interactions (HMIs) that facilitate several operations such as message alerts and physiological monitoring.
EUROCORR 2019: ‘New Times, New Materials, New Corrosion Challenges’ Part 4
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2020
A poster examining the electrochemical properties of a bio-inspired coating based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO) was given by G. de M. Tavarez Martinez (Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico). Although the projected useful life of a prosthesis is >15 years, premature replacement (7–10 years) is commonly required due to loosening and osteolysis. Longer prosthetic lifetimes have been linked to the denaturation of pseudo-synovial fluid components leading to the development of a carbon-rich film that acts as a solid lubricant. The present work attempted to emulate this layer via ErGO generation and functionalisation on CoCrMo and Ti6Al4 V substrates. Cyclic voltammetry revealed signals due to the reduction of the carboxylic, OH and C–O–C groups in the range of potentials studied. Higher impedance layers were obtained at lower polarisation rates, higher voltages and number of cycles.