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Designing for Head and Neck Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Air travels to and from the nose and mouth via the larynx and trachea to the lungs and back (Figures 3.10 and 3.13). Cartilage of the two airway components helps shape, protect, and support the front of the neck. The larynx, or voice box, is the upper part of the semi-rigid cylindrical airway running the length of the anterior neck. The large thyroid cartilage forms a wall around the larynx. A portion of this cartilage, the laryngeal prominence, projects anteriorly and is commonly called the Adam’s apple. This anthropometric landmark varies in size person-to-person and is more noticeable in men because its growth is stimulated with exposure to testosterone, a predominately male hormone. Ligaments and muscles hold the laryngeal cartilage framework, including the thyroid cartilage, in place.
Examining the influence of the Get aHEAD Safely in Soccer™ program on head impact kinematics and neck strength in female youth soccer players
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Victoria E. Wahlquist, Joseph J. Glutting, Thomas W. Kaminski
Each participant completed pre- and post-season measures of neck girth and neck and torso strength. These measurements were all derived by the same tester (TWK) at both the pre and post season time points and were completed at their respective soccer practice facilities. A standard clinical plinth was used for stabilization when necessary. Neck girth was measured at just above the thyroid cartilage using a tape measure (Figure 1(a)). Neck flexion and extension strength were measured using a handheld dynamometer (microFET2, Hoggan Scientific, Salt Lake City, UT) placed on the forehead and back of the head, respectively (Figure 1(b)). Torso flexion and extension strength were also measured with a handheld dynamometer placed on the sternum and between the shoulder blades, respectively (Figure 1(c)). Participants completed 3 trials each of neck and torso flexion and extension while lying on a plinth starting in a neutral position. The three trials were then averaged and used in the statistical analysis. One player from each team was not present for the post-season strength testing resulting in 12 players in the control group and 13 players in the experimental group completing the strength testing both pre- and post-season.
Improvements resulting from respiratory-swallow phase training visualized in patient-specific computational analysis of swallowing mechanics
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2018
Thi Tu Anh Tran, Bonnie Martin Harris, William G. Pearson
As the bolus enters the hypopharynx, the rapid elevation of the hyolaryngeal complex marks the onset of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. The suprahyoid muscles (mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid and digastric) displace the hyoid anterosuperiorly, translating force through the thyrohyoid membrane and muscle to assist in elevating the larynx. The stylopharyngeus, attached to the posterior thyroid cartilage, further facilitates laryngeal elevation. The palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus work together to shorten the pharynx and to elevate the larynx (Figure 1). The suprahyoid muscles and the long pharyngeal muscles (stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus) all displace the hyolaryngeal complex comprised of hyoid bone, larynx and associated structures, including the trachea and cricopharyngeus muscle that forms the pharyngoesophageal segment (PES). The net movement of the hyolaryngeal complex displaces the laryngeal inlet of the upper airway from the trajectory of an oncoming bolus contemporaneous with laryngeal vestibular closure resulting from approximation of the arytenoid cartilages to the petiole of the epiglottis and epiglottic inversion (Logemann et al. 1992). Vocal fold adduction is the final mechanism to protect the airway. Prior to laryngeal elevation and pharyngeal shortening and associated pharyngoesophageal segment opening, the cricopharyngeus muscle relaxes and further facilitates PES opening. After the bolus enters the PES, pharyngeal constrictors clear the remaining bolus through the PES thus completing the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
Modelling of swallowing organs and its validation using Swallow Vision®, a numerical swallowing simulator
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
Yukihiro Michiwaki, Tetsu Kamiya, Takahiro Kikuchi, Yoshio Toyama, Keigo Hanyuu, Megumi Takai, Seiichi Koshizuka
The swallowing movement begins with the motion of the tongue for transporting the bolus and the elevation of the soft palate. Subsequently, the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage are raised forward and upward, and the pharyngeal wall contracts and shortens. Gradually, the epiglottis inverts downward and the arytenoids move inward and forward, closing the laryngeal inlet. Within the larynx, the vocal cords move inwardly, touch each other and close the glottis. Finally, the inlet of the oesophagus opens, and the bolus is passed into the oesophagus (Figure 5). Such movements were reproduced with the organ model.