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Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Scrotal or testicular pain may be acute or chronic and may or may not be associated with swelling: Epididymo-orchitis is a relatively common condition usually due to infection (either associated with urinary infection or sexually-transmitted disease). It causes acute or subacute pain and swelling of the epididymis and may present as a tender scrotal mass. Ultrasound can exclude testicular cancer as a cause and can confirm the diagnosis by localising the swelling to the epididymis and often showing increased vascularity.Torsion of the testis presents with acute onset pain in a child or adolescent. It is often severe, and if not treated expeditiously can lead to death (loss) of the testicle. Ultrasound with Doppler studies can confirm the diagnosis, and exclude differentials including torsion of the appendices of the testis and epididymo-orchitis.
Is low-level metal exposure related to testicular cancer?
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Blanka Tariba Lovaković, Tanja Živković Semren, Toni Safner, Marija Gamulin, Majana Soče, Alica Pizent
Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy among young men. It generally affects men aged 15–35, a population that is highly active in terms of their reproductive and working capacity. Germ cell tumors, classified either as seminoma or non-seminoma, comprise 95% of malignant tumors arising in the testes. The incidence of testicular cancer has had an alarming increase over the past several decades in many developed countries.1–3 The rapid rise in incidence in the Croatian population appears to be among the highest increases recorded in Europe and worldwide.4 According to the Croatian National Cancer Registry, in the period from years 2010 to 2015, a mean number of 180 incident cases were reported annually in Croatia, with the incidence rate of around 8.8/100,000 for all ages.5,6 The reasons for the increase remain largely unknown and the risk factors for the disease are not well understood. Although the divergence in rates among different racial and ethnic groups imply that genetic susceptibility may be associated with an increased risk of the disease,1 only cryptorchidism and a family history of testicular cancer may be considered well-established risk factors.7 However, the uniformly increasing rates over the last decades could help one argue that environmental risk factors are also likely to be involved. Although there is evidence that the underlying cause of testicular cancer is of fetal origin, there are conflicting data on the increasing risk of the disease due to exposure to various environmental and lifestyle factors during adulthood.8