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Ultrasound-Responsive Nanomedicine
Published in Lin Zhu, Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicine, 2021
Tyrone M. Portera, Jonathan A. Kopechek
Ultrasound is widely used throughout the world for sensing and imaging applications. In nature, ultrasound is used by animals such as bats, whales, and dolphins for communication and to locate prey. Over the past century, ultrasound technology has been developed for many industrial and military applications, including non-destructive evaluation of materials (to locate cracks in aircraft skin for example), underwater sensing (Sonar), and motion tracking. The development of ultrasound technology also led to advances in medical imaging applications. Ultrasound imaging was first developed in the 1950s by an engineer (Tom Brown) and an obstetrician (Ian Donald) in Scotland. Medical ultrasound is now widely used for imaging applications which include echocardiography (imaging heart anatomy and function), gynecological ultrasonography (including fetal imaging), and abdominal sonography.
Sensors for Autonomous Vehicles in Infrastructure Inspection Applications
Published in Diego Galar, Uday Kumar, Dammika Seneviratne, Robots, Drones, UAVs and UGVs for Operation and Maintenance, 2020
Diego Galar, Uday Kumar, Dammika Seneviratne
Because ultrasound is a vibration of matter, it can also be used to examine the characteristics of that matter. Ultrasonic diagnosis uses this feature to detect and visualize the variance in reflectance and transmittance corresponding to the water content and density of the matter in the medium, for example, an organ in your body.
Particle Size
Published in David M. Scott, Industrial Process Sensors, 2018
The attenuation of ultrasound tends to increase with frequency, so that at some point the ultrasonic signal becomes too small to measure reliably. For this reason, practical sensors for industrial process applications tend to operate in the frequency range where the ultrasonic wavelength is much longer than the particle diameter x. This regime is dominated by viscous effects, and the attenuation is expected to increase as the square of the frequency.
Dehydrated fruits and vegetables using low temperature drying technologies and their application in functional beverages: a review
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Yiwen Huang, Min Zhang, Arun S. Mujumdar, Zhenjiang Luo, Zhongxiang Fang
Ultrasound is a mechanical wave with frequency between 20 kHz and 100 MHz that can diffuse in both solid and liquid media.[48,49] It can create microscopic channels in the cell through “sponge effect” phenomenon that alternating series of expansion and compression.[50] The other phenomenon of “cavitation” appears when the ultrasonic energy exceeds the critical value within each system, and cavitation bubbles are then created by occluded gas within the product matrix. The growing and imploding of these bubbles give rise to spots with high temperature and pressure accompanied by the emergence of microjets that inject the solution into the material.[51] These phenomena can liberate the gas trapped in the pores and create microscopic channels in cells and tissues, especially in those thin, soft, and porous fruits and vegetables, thereby enhancing the mass transfer of OD.
Effect of ultrasonic coupling media and surface roughness on contact transfer loss
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Ultrasound can be used in a wide field of applications: high-intensity ultrasound (cleaning, machining, drilling, soldering), chemical and electrical use, medical applications (imaging, diagnosis, ultrasonic microscopy, therapy, and surgery), non-destructive material testing, flow meters, and ranging and navigation. Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. The sound waves travel through the material with a certain corresponding loss of pressure and are reflected at interfaces. The reflected beam is displayed and then analyzed to define the presence and location of flaws or discontinuities (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2018, pp. 134–149; Bar-Cohn & Mal, 1989; Krautkrämer & Krautkrämer, 2013; Workman et al., 2007).
Digital healthcare technologies: Modern tools to transform prosthetic care
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Isaac A Cabrera, Trinity C. Pike, Joanna M. McKittrick, Marc A. Meyers, Ramesh R. Rao, Albert Y. Lin
Ultrasound is one of the most unique technologies used to generate limb models. Ultrasound imaging begins with the application of a gel to the surface of interest. A probe remains in contact with the skin and collects images that are stitched into a volume. Ultrasound uses piezoelectric transducers to generate acoustic waves; these waves travel through the human body and become scattered by different tissues. A 2D image of the internal geometry can be generated by capturing the reflected acoustic waves using a transducer array. These 2D images can be stitched together to form a 3D model [24].