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Dental Implant Infection: Typical Causes and Control
Published in Huiliang Cao, Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices, 2017
Similar to chronic periodontitis, peri-implant infections are also classified as disease processes associated with microorganisms. Therefore, the removal of bacterial plaque biofilms is significantly prerequisite to preventing disease progression. Surface modification is the key property for osseointegration. Many different implant surfaces and their new modifications are commercially available (Padial-Molina et al. 2011). There are not enough data to ensure that implant surface characteristics can have a significant effect on the initiation of peri-implantitis, but rough surfaces tend to accumulate more biofilm and are more difficult to clean. Therefore, many studies have arrived at the consensus that once exposed to the oral environment, rough surfaces are more likely to develop peri-implantitis and are more susceptible to disease progression than smooth or minimally rough surfaces (Albouy et al. 2011). In all treatment approaches, adequate plaque control by the patient and sufficient supportive care must be considered as prerequisites for a successful therapy.
Clinical Toxicology of Iron
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Shilia Jacob Kurian, Sonal Sekhar Miraj, Ahmed Alshrief, Sreedharan Nair, Mahadev Rao
Airway and breathing support should be provided as needed. Hypovolemic shock is the major cause of mortality in the initial phases, especially in patients presenting with severe GI symptoms. Hypovolemia and hypoperfusion can be managed by maintaining the circulatory volume using IV crystalloid solution. In the case of coagulopathy, vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma can be administered. Timely monitoring and supportive care should be provided throughout the therapy (Liebelt 2019; Yuen and Becker 2019).
Pulmonary complications of bone-marrow and stem-cell transplantation
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Bekele Afessa, Andrew D Badley, Steve G Peters
Recent studies have shown beneficial effects of cryotherapy, keratinocyte growth factor, laser therapy, glutamine supplementation and calcium phosphate mouth rinse with fluoride in decreasing the severity and duration of mucositis.105–108 However, upper airway injury in HSCT recipients is usually managed with supportive care, including local symptomatic therapy and endotracheal intubation in severe cases.
Environmental health effects attributed to toxic and infectious agents following hurricanes, cyclones, flash floods and major hydrometeorological events
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Timothy B. Erickson, Julia Brooks, Eric J. Nilles, Phuong N. Pham, Patrick Vinck
Overcrowding, which is common in emergency evacuation shelters, also facilitates the transmission of human-to-human pathogens, including influenza and other respiratory viruses such as Legionella (Firger 2017; Walker 2018) Some hurricane-related infections resolve with supportive care alone, but others, particularly bacterial infections, require appropriate antibiotic therapy (Kouadio et al. 2012). Tetanus prophylaxis vaccination is critical against Clostridial infections from lacerations and wounds contaminated with flood water and debris (IDSA 2018). Table 1 summarizes infectious agents and pathogens potentially encountered with flood water exposure.
COVID-19: a pandemic challenging healthcare systems
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2021
Lidong Wang, Cheryl Ann Alexander
Because antiviral therapeutics are limited, the strategy for handling COVID-19 is a combination of supportive care, off-label therapeutics and EUAs, and a supplementation through a mixture of antivirals, antibiotics, convalescent plasma therapy, and corticosteroids. Available therapeutics and pending clinical trials are summarized in Table 3 (Yang et al., 2020) and Table 4 (COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel, 2021; Aid et al., 2020).
Fabrication of a curcumin encapsulated bioengineered nano-cocktail formulation for stimuli-responsive targeted therapeutic delivery to enhance anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-bacterial properties in sepsis management
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Li Teng, Yiliang Zhang, Li Chen, Ge Shi
Sepsis is a severe and life-threatening illness that results in a dysregulated systemic host response following an infection, including pathogenic and bacterial infections [1]. The occurrence of sepsis has greatly increased globally over the years and is a cause of protracted hospital intensive care unit stay and high mortality rates. Recently, the discovery of potential therapeutic approaches and supportive care have become the preliminary choices for sepsis therapy. Nevertheless, numerous complications and challenges are associated with the delivery of drug molecules to infected lesions in the clinical management of sepsis due to the poorly understood pathogenesis of the disease [2]. Importantly, sepsis treatment strategy requires two important factors: inhibition of pathogenic infections and activation of the host immune system [3,4]. Generally, pathogenic bacteria in the human body are recognized by immune cells (i.e. macrophages), leading to the activation of pro-inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which increase the expression of adhesion molecules and recruitment of leukocytes through endothelial cells to eradicate the pathogens [5,6]. Contrarily, excessive, and uncontrolled bacterial invasion and inflammatory responses can lead to sepsis, in turn causing organ dysfunction, including lungs, liver, and cardiovascular damage. Bacterial distribution or inflammatory responses can be controlled by anti-inflammatory and antibiotic therapy; however, several issues are associated with administering drug biomolecules, including in vivo toxicity, low bioavailability, and rapid metabolism. In recent years, biotechnology and nanomedicine have brought prominent advances to overcome these complications, including the novel design of nanocarriers and biomimetic nanoparticles to target pathogenic bacteria and inflammatory responses [7,8]. Generally, nano-level stimuli-responsive drug carriers are sensitive to precise endogenous stimuli, such as reduced interstitial pH, enhanced levels of particular enzymes (i.e. MMP), and glutathione concentration. Stimuli-responsiveness, such as pH sensitivity and microenvironmental changes, can be applied at the cellular and tissue levels, respectively, to trigger drug molecule release and transport to the cell cytoplasm, which is associated with neoplastic diseases and pathological situations, including inflammatory diseases, infections, and ischemic problems. Additionally, therapeutic drug molecules can be delivered to diseased areas using targeted stimuli-responsive drug delivery approaches, including magnetic, light, thermal, and ultrasound-sensitive nanoparticulate systems [9,10].