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Modelling and analysis of skin pigmentation
Published in Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani, Dileep Kumar, Optical Imaging for Biomedical and Clinical Applications, 2017
Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani, Hermawan Nugroho, Norashikin Shamsudin, Suraiya H. Hussein
The subcutaneous fatty tissue or hypodermis is a layer within the skin below the dermis. Functionally, hypodermis does not only attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle but also supplies skin with blood vessels and nerves. Consisting of loose connective tissue and elastin, this layer that binds the skin to underlying structures, insulates the body from cold, and stores energy in the form of fat. The hypodermis contains 50% of body fat in which fat serves as padding and insulation for the body. Because of the existence of the white fat deposits, a lion's share of the visible light going up to this tissue is bounced back to the upper layers [46].
Pills
Published in Jeffrey T. Solate, Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2020
Description: Injection made into the subcutaneous tissues—the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. Although usually fluid medications are injected, occasionally solid materials, such as steroid hormones, are administered subcutaneously in small, slowly absorbed pellets to prolong their effect. Subcutaneous injections may be given wherever there is subcutaneous tissue, usually in the loose skin on the side of the chest or in the flank. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and such medications as insulin, morphine, diacetylmorphine, or goserelin.
Light safety
Published in Pablo Artal, Handbook of Visual Optics, 2017
The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat and connective tissue that houses larger blood vessels and nerves. This layer is important in the regulation of temperature of the skin itself and the body. The size of this layer varies throughout the body and from person to person.
Numerical investigation of multi-pulsed cryogen spray cooling for skin cold protection in laser lipolysis
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2020
Hui Xin, Bin Chen, Zhifu Zhou, Dong Li, Jiameng Tian
Human skin tissue consists of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat. The epidermis is composed of keratinocytes, and dermis contains nerve endings, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels. Subcutaneous fat is a layer of fat and connective tissues covered with vessels and nerves. The complex components in the epidermis and dermis can be ignored in the skin model because only water and adipose tissue can absorb laser energy at the near-infrared wavelength during lipolysis. The skin tissue can be simplified into a 2-D axisymmetric three-layer homogeneous model, as shown in Figure 2. The rectangle computational domain of 1.2 cm (rk)×1.71 cm (zk) can be divided into three layers, namely, epidermis (0.01 cm thick), dermis (0.2 cm thick), and subcutaneous fat (1.5 cm thick). Each layer had homogenous optical and thermophysical properties, as listed in Table 1.