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Adipose Tissue-Derived Adult Stem Cells
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Laura Aust, Lyndon Cooper, Blythe Devlin, Tracey du Laney, Sandra Foster, Jeffrey M. Gimble, Farshid Guilak, Yuan Di C. Halvorsen, Kevin Hicok, Amy Kloster, Henry E. Rice, Anindita Sen, Robert W. Storms, William O. Wilkison
Cultured adipocytes can potentially be used in soft tissue cosmesis to reduce wrinkles and acne or surgical scars when implanted subcutaneously in small volumes. The ability of implanted cultured cells to establish adipose tissue in vivo was first demonstrated in a rodent model.26 Green and Kehinde injected the murine preadipocyte cell line 3T3-F442A subcutaneously over the sternum of athymic (nude) mice. These cells formed fat pads, which were indistinguishable from normal adipose tissue. Mandrup et al27 performed similar transplantation experiments using the 3T3-F442A preadipocytes labeled with β-galactosidase by retroviral transduction. Histology performed on the injection site demonstrated that the preadipocytes differentiated to mature adipocytes in vivo with typical intracellular monolocular lipid formation that occupied most of the cell volume. The subcutaneous adipose observed at the injection site stained positive for β-galactosidase, indicating that it was derived from the transplanted cells. Neovascularization was evident two weeks after implantation.
Medical Applications
Published in Suresh C. Ameta, Rakshit Ameta, Garima Ameta, Sonochemistry, 2018
HIFU can be used for nonsurgical treatment for body contouring by the process known as liposonix. It destroys adipocytes percutaneously. Fatemi (2009) studied its efficiency and effectiveness. This technique is used to transmit energy through the skin surface at a very low intensity, but it concentrates this energy to the targeted focus in the subcutaneous fat. (Most important part is that at the epidermis, the intensity of the ultrasonic energy is so low that it causes no damage.) The targeting of the ultrasound rays at fixed depth under the epidermis, results in adipose tissue destruction. As soon as adipocytes are disrupted, chemotadic signals initiate body's inflammatory response mechanisms. Macrophage cells reach the area to digest the lipids and cell debris. This ultimately leads to reduction in the overall volume of adipocytes. Liposonix has proved to be a safe and beneficial technique for nonsurgical body shaping by decreasing the fat content.
in vivo Evaluation of Tissue-Engineered Injectable Devices for Breast Tissue Reconstruction
Published in Yusuf Khan, Cato T. Laurencin, Regenerative Engineering, 2018
Cheryl T. Gomillion, Karen J. L. Burg, Steven E. Ellis
The development of a clinically translatable method of engineering adipose tissue for breast reconstruction requires the investigation of several components. For the engineering of any tissue to be successful, attention must be paid to all key aspects of the tissue engineering process, including the cell source, scaffold (also termed “construct”) material, cellular environment, and means of device delivery (Gomillion and Burg, 2006, 2011). Adipose-derived stem cells, preadipocytes, and mature adipocytes have been suggested for use in adipose tissue engineering systems; however, the uncertainty behind the mechanisms of adipogenesis in vitro has limited progress with reconstructing tissue (Ailhaud et al., 1992; Beahm et al., 2003; De Ugarte et al., 2003; Hemmrich et al., 2005; Patrick, 2000). The materials used for constructing the scaffolds, whether implanted or injected, must possess several essential properties. These materials should be biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic, easily produced, easily managed during surgical procedures, and should guide the migration and proliferation of cells (Alhadlaq et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2002; Fuchs et al., 2001; Katz et al., 1999; Walgenbach et al., 2001). In addition, to allow adequate cellular growth, the construct formed should be porous to allow binding sites for cellular ingrowth and the permeation of nutrients and waste products in and out of the construct (Walgenbach et al., 2001).
POPs’ effect on cardiometabolic and inflammatory profile in a sample of women with obesity and hypertension
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2019
Ana Ferro, Diana Teixeira, Diogo Pestana, Rosário Monteiro, Cristina C. Santos, Valentina F. Domingues, Jorge Polónia, Conceição Calhau
Comparing different clinical and metabolic parameters, we observed a significant increase in the adipocytes’ area from scAT in the group without treatment. Because obesity is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia,12,44 this population has an overall increase in adipocyte area when compared to lean individuals. However, this statistical difference in the, assumingly, “healthier” group, is accordant with a protective storage of POPs in this particular type of AT. The lower metabolic activity, lipolysis rate and capillary filtration coefficient of scAT comparing to vAT leads to a lower release of these pollutants to the bloodstream12,41 and we conjecture that this distribution pattern has less repercussions in metabolic function. Because it has an increased area, the distribution of POPs in scAT may be more diluted in nontreated women, explaining how we obtained lower detection rates in this group.
Biochanin A prevents 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced adipocyte dysfunction in cultured 3T3-L1 cells
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019
Eun Mi Choi, Kwang Sik Suh, So Young Park, Sang Ouk Chin, Sang Youl Rhee, Suk Chon
Adipose tissue plays an important role in the storage and release of energy and also secretes several hormones and cytokines that are critical for regulating nutrient metabolism. Adipocytes are the major site of insulin action and thus play an important role in controlling whole-body glucose homeostasis.[16] Adipocytes are emerging as an important drug target for diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Increasing the lipid storage capacity of adipocytes with anti-diabetic medicines reduces the development of type 2 diabetes by lowering circulating fatty acid and triglyceride levels.[17]
The effects of ambient particulate matter on human adipose tissue
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Lior Hassan, Tal Pecht, Nir Goldstein, Yulia Haim, Itai Kloog, Shaked Yarza, Batia Sarov, Victor Novack
Intermediate and chronic exposure to both PM2.5 and PM10 resulted in a decrease in the size of adipocytes in OM and SC adipose tissues. These results are consistent with several reports that found that an elevation in the fraction of small adipocytes in SC adipose tissue was associated with insulin resistance and T2DM development (McLaughlin et al. 2010, 2007). Similarly, Fang et al. (2015) focused on OM and mesentery tissue in addition to SC tissue and noted that the burden of small adipocytes was related to T2DM and that the observed burden was positively correlated with glucose and HbA1c levels.