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Published in Joseph Cotruvo, Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook, 2019
Salmonella bacteria are widespread in animals and can spread to humans from foods of animal origin. Salmonellosis symptoms include fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Norovirus causes gastrointestinal illness with vomiting and usually resolves within 3 days. Infections are readily transmitted by human contact, and food contamination by food service workers is not uncommon. Campylobacter is the most commonly identified worldwide cause of diarrheal illness. It is common in poultry and other animals and spread, for example, by the ingestion of undercooked chicken. C. perfringens is widespread in the environment, can be present on raw meat and produces a toxin that causes illness. In addition to direct infections, several pathogens, such as S. aureus and Clostridium botulinum, produce toxins that survive after the infection. The CDC estimates that up to 60 million people in the United States may be infected with T. gondii without symptoms because healthy immune systems can suppress it. Handling contaminated animal products and even exposure to cat feces can be a risk, especially to pregnant women.
Microbiological Quality of Environmental Samples
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
The salmonella bacteria (named for Daniel Salmon) are Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, motile rods that ferment glucose to produce gas. The normal habitat of this bacteria is the intestinal tract of humans and many animals. The salmonella species causes salmonellosis, a gastroenteric infection characterized by moderate fever accompanied with nausea, abdominal pain, cramps, and diarrhea. The severity of the infection depends on the number of bacteria digested. Meat products are particularly susceptible to contamination by salmonella. If these products are mishandled, the bacteria can grow to infective numbers very quickly. Meat can be contaminated during processing. Poultry, eggs, and egg products are often contaminated by salmonella. The organisms are generally killed by normal cooking. Consumption of raw, unpasteurized milk can also be a good source of the infection.
Pathogens and their removal
Published in Nick F. Gray, Water Science and Technology: An Introduction, 2017
Water resources can become contaminated by raw or treated wastewater, as well as by effluents from abattoirs and animal-processing plants (Gray, 2004). It is commonly present in raw waters but only occasionally isolated from finished waters, chlorination being highly effective at controlling the bacteria. Typical symptoms of salmonellosis are acute gastroenteritis with diarrhoea, an association with abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, headache and, in severe cases, even collapse and possible death. The most serious diseases associated with specific species are typhoid fever (S. typhi) and paratyphoid (S. paratyphi and S. schottmuelleri). Salmonellosis carries a significant mortality among those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and poses significant problems in its management (Percival and Williams, 2014a).
Green synthesis, and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Piper longum catkin extract and its in vitro antimicrobial activity against multi-drug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella spp.
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Varsha Unni, Padikkamannil Abishad, Vemula Prasastha Ram, Pollumahanti Niveditha, Jyothsana Yasur, Lijo John, Nambiar Prejit, Sanis Juliet, C. Latha, Jess Vergis, Nitin Vasantrao Kurkure, Sukhadeo Baliram Barbuddhe, Deepak Bhiwa Rawool
In the recent times, various serovars of NTS constitute a major public health threat globally.[3] Generally, the NTS strains may infect and colonize the intestinal and/or reproductive tracts, constituting the environmental reservoirs. Moreover, the NTS strains form a part of the normal intestinal flora of food-producing animals and birds. The poultry products contaminated with the NTS strains are often regarded as the source of food-borne outbreaks of salmonellosis in humans.[40] The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in livestock and poultry has led to the emergence of drug-resistant strains of pathogens, which were otherwise treated with the empirical antimicrobial therapeutic approaches.[41] The emergence of MDR strains of NTS serovars has been well documented from various sources.[42,43]
Sanitary effectiveness and biogas yield by anaerobic co-digestion of swine carcasses and manure
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Deisi Cristina Tápparo, Aline Viancelli, André Cestonaro do Amaral, Gislaine Fongaro, Ricardo Luis Radis Steinmetz, Maria Elisa Magri, Célia Regina Monte Barardi, Airton Kunz
For evaluation of the efficiency of treatment processes, the choice of biomarker is very important. Salmonella is considered a zoonotic bacteria and is the agent of salmonellosis, one of the most important enteric diseases in the swine chain [43]. Bacteria have been widely used as an indicator, but are more sensitive than viruses [44,45]. Bacteriophages as enteric pathogens model are considered to be highly resistant, and their inactivation can guarantee the success of the sanitization treatments [39], since it has similar resistance to RNA enteric viruses, cysts / oocysts of protozoa and bacteria endospores [32,45,46]. However, due to their high resistance, bacteriophages may underestimate the efficiency of the processes [41] and their use as markers depends on the required level of sanitization and purpose of digestate recycle.