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Foodborne Pathogens and Nanoparticles as a Tool for Quality Assurance and Intervention of Foodborne Pathogens
Published in Moayad N. Khalaf, Michael Olegovich Smirnov, Porteen Kannan, A. K. Haghi, Environmental Technology and Engineering Techniques, 2020
Porteen Kannan, S. Wilfred Ruban, M. Nithya Quintoil
This microorganism has been isolated from cattle, poultry, sheep, pigs, and horses. Antimicrobial therapy is used extensively to combat S. Typhimurium infection in animals and the evolution of a strain resistant to the commonly used antibiotics has made infections with S. Typhimurium in food animals difficult to control. The primary route by which humans acquire infection is through the consumption of a large range of contaminated foods of animal origin. Salmonella Enteritidis is the dominant cause of human salmonellosis in many parts of the world. Poultry, eggs and egg products, in particular, are contaminated, but the microorganism has also been found in other foodstuffs such as ice cream. Cross-contamination, undercooking, and inadequate cooling procedures promote the spread and growth of Salmonella during processing and handling. One important characteristic of S. Enteritidis is its ability to contaminate the intact egg shells. Manifestation of illness includes invasive disease and reactive arthritis.
Synovial Fluid
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
Pierre Geborek, Frank A. Wollheim
The kinetics of entrance of proteins have been studied by distending human knees with salt solution and sequentially measuring the entrance of plasma proteins into the joint (16,17). Radiolabeled albumin enters a rheumatoid joint faster than IgM cryoglobulin (19). Thus the rate of entrance is inversely proportional to the molecular radius of the protein. However, the charge of the proteins is important for their affinity to joint structures and possibly also for their entrance rate. In mice, positively charged proteins enter the joint more rapidly than negatively charged proteins, and they are also cleared at a slower rate from the joint, especially if they are larger (67–150 kD). Also, small cationic proteins (12–18 kD) more rapidly enter cartilage matrix compared to both larger proteins and anionic proteins of similar size. The cationic proteins are also retained for longer times in the cartilage (20). These mechanisms may be of importance for antigen localization to joint structures and possibly also for their shedding in the cartilage, where they may be inaccessible to the immune system. This may promote antigen persistence in the cartilage in reactive arthritis (20) and may have pathogenetic bearing in rheumatoid arthritis (21).
Risk perception of foodborne pathogens
Published in Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson, Food and the Risk Society, 2016
Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson
Over 2,500 different Salmonella strains, called ‘serotypes’ or ‘serovars’, have been identified to date. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are the two most important serotypes of salmonellosis transmitted from animals to humans in most parts of the world (World Health Organization 2013b). Symptoms of infection include diarrhoea, fever and abdominal cramps 12 hours to three days after infection. The illness usually lasts four to seven days, and most people recover without treatment. Vulnerable people including the elderly, infants and those with impaired immune systems are more likely to have a severe illness. The rate of diagnosed infections in children under the age of five is higher than the rate for all other people (Lampel et al. 2012). A small number of people develop Reiter’s syndrome with pain in their joints, irritation of the eyes and painful urination. This is called reactive arthritis. It can last for months or years and can lead to chronic arthritis, which is difficult to treat (Dworkin et al. 2001).
Designing of an inflammatory knee joint thermogram dataset for arthritis classification using deep convolution neural network.
Published in Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 2022
Shawli Bardhan, Satyabrata Nath, Tathagata Debnath, Debotosh Bhattacharjee, Mrinal Kanti Bhowmik
Presence of inflammation in the knee region is an indication of arthritis. Inflammation may also occur in the human body due to external pressure, fever, fracture, boil, environmental heat, contact with other object or body parts, etc. Due to maintaining the standard environmental condition (mentioned above) during our dataset creation and patient preparation, the chance of inflammation in knee region related to factors like environmental heat, contact with other object or body parts, etc., is avoided from the dataset. The other common issues of inflammation in the body like external pressure, fever, fracture, boil, etc., are also not present in the captured thermograms and confirmed by medical experts. The validation of arthritis-related inflammation in each knee joint thermogram is also performed by comparing with subjective evaluation and clinical test. The validation mainly indicates that the presence of inflammation in the knee region of the captured thermograms is mainly due to the presence of arthritis in the knee joint. The subjective evaluation is performed by medical experts depending on four factors as swelling (S), tenderness (T), restriction of movement (ROM), redness (R), and synovitis (SYN) of the knee joint. Presence of at least three of those factors indicates inflammation in knee joint due to arthritis. In a clinical test, the ESR specifies the presence of inflammatory arthritis in the human body. The ESR measures the degree of inflammation in the joints. Blood is taken and placed in a small, thin tube and the red cell settlement in 1 h is measured. The more rapidly the red cells settle the more inflammation in the joints. One of the aims of treatment is to reduce the ESR to normal levels. The value of ESR greater than 15 mm/h for male and 22 mm/h indicates the probability of arthritis in the human body [12]. About 73% subjects (77 among 105 subjects) of our captured dataset contain ESR rate higher than the normal range which indicates the presence of arthritis in the subject body. Information regarding subjective evaluation and clinical test is performed under the supervision of a medical expert. The patients who participated in the acquisition are suffering from either RA, OA, or RE. The RA, OA, and RE, indicate Rheumatoid, Osteoarthritis, and Reactive Arthritis, respectively. The marking of the arthritis type in the captured knee thermogram dataset was performed by a medical expert (Dr Satyabrata Nath, Assistant Professor, Agartala Government Medical College, Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital, Government. of Tripura, India).