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Nanomedicines for Ocular NSAIDs: State-of-the-Art Update of the Safety on Drug Delivery
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Joana R. Campos, Joana Araújo, Elisabet Gonzalez-Mira, Maria A. Egea, Elena Sanchez-Lopez, Marta Espina, Selma B. Souto, Maria L. Garcia, Eliana B. Souto
Being the most sensory organs of the body, diseases affecting eye makes the coloured world into blurred or dark in nature [23]. Ocular discomforts involve anterior/posterior-segment diseases, symptomatic distress, associated inflammation and severe retinal disorders [24]. The inflammation refers to a typical reaction of cells/tissue in response to injury or any other disease condition. It is the kind of reciprocal attempt of the body’s immune system to eradicate foreign bodies or microbes to retard further injury and can be resulted into swelling, redness, heat, and pain. Inflammation is the outcome of imbalance of biochemical homeostasis of the eyes [25]. Inflammatory diseases of the eye such as iritis, uveitis and eye inflammation caused due to an eye injury, allergens, chemical exposure like acids, pesticides or any other harmful chemicals from manufacturing processes in industries. These may further lead to complications like clouding in the retina, the formation of cataracts, an increase of intraocular pressure such as glaucoma and swelling or detachment of the retina [24]. Uveitis is an inflammatory ailment of the eye, which is caused by autoimmunity, infectious organisms, toxic material, or tumours. It could lead to severe pain and increased light sensitivity in the affected patients. Although inflammation is a natural defensive phenomenon, it results in discomfort in the eye and also makes the eye vulnerable to other diseases [26]. Ocular inflammation is also a common result of cataract surgery, producing pain and photophobia in many patients and potentially leading to serious complications including increased intraocular pressure (IOP), posterior capsule opacification, cystoids macular oedema (CME) and decreased visual acuity [27]. This mechanism leads to the stimulation of some membrane protein such as phospholipase A2, following tissue injury/damage, breaks down cell membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid, which forms the substrate for further reactions mainly by the cyclo-oxygenase and the lipoxygenase pathways. The resulting arachidonic acid metabolites, along with other chemical mediators, interact to cause inflammation.
Enhancing the efficacy of fluocinolone acetonide by encapsulating with PLGA nanoparticles and conjugating with linear PEG polymer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Joyce Pinto, Madiha Ahmad, Bharath Raja Guru
In this work, we prepared FA loaded NPs by single emulsion solvent evaporation method and optimized the formulation using factorial and RSM based statistical methods. The polymer, PLGA 75:25, is a widely accepted FDA approved [22], biocompatible and hydrolytically cleavable into easily metabolizable by-products. Drug eluted from PLGA is due to bulk erosion of the polymer in the presence of water and slow hydrolysis of ester bonds within the polymer backbone [23]. The NPs were characterised for their high drug load, particle charge (zeta potential) and size, and slow controlled drug release over a period of one month. This property can be exploited in ocular treatments which require prolonged bioavailability of drug at the site of inflammation as in cases of uveitis or age-related macular degeneration. In most severely affected cases the patient is given frequent injections of an anti-inflammatory to alleviate pain and inflammation [24] or an implant that are non-biodegradable which can affect the long-term compliance of patients to such treatments. Polymeric NPs and PEG conjugated FA can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the drug to be delivered at the site of injury by reducing the frequency of administrations and improving patient compliance.
Recent advances in wide field and ultrawide field optical coherence tomography angiography in retinochoroidal pathologies
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Gagan Kalra, Francesco Pichi, Nitin Kumar Menia, Daraius Shroff, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Kanika Aggarwal, Aniruddha Agarwal
Tian et al. [58] in a prospective study performed OCTA on consecutive patients with intermediate uveitis. Wide-field OCTA images were analyzed in the presence of capillary non-perfusion, reduced perfusion, disruption of ellipsoid zone, and abnormalities. A subset of patients who underwent FA was compared with OCTA cohort. The areas of non-perfusion were more commonly seen in the choroidal OCTA slab as compared to superficial and deep capillary plexus slabs. Also, capillary non-perfusion was more commonly seen in capillary plexuses in patients with intermediate uveitis with vasculitis. The authors concluded that while wide-field OCTA is a reliable tool to detect capillary non-perfusion in intermediate uveitis, it was not helpful in determining disease activity [58].
Pomegranate juice supports therapeutic –treatment of atorvastatin against maternal hypercholesterolemia induced retinopathy of rat offspring
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Hassan IH EL-Sayyad, Hebattallah A Abd El-Gallil, Heba A El-Ghawet
Statins are also a class of medication involved in reducing blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting the cholesterol synthesizing enzyme, 3 hydroxyl 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A [19], decreased mevalonate formation involved in synthesis of cholesterol [20], increased endothelial function and improved the activity of antioxidant [21]. Simvastatin also attenuated the cholesterol induced damage in the rabbit hippocampus [22], alleviated cell death of hippocampal cells and improved the synaptic function in AD mice model [23]. Statins can also contribute to improve dry eye disease, corneal ulcer, glaucoma, uveitis, cataracts, proliferative retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and choroidal melanoma [24].