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Development of Ophthalmic Formulations
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Paramita Sarkar, Martin Coffey, Mohannad Shawer
NSAIDs exert their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzymes (viz., COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3). NSAIDs are commonly used to treat postoperative inflammation, in the prevention of and treatment for cystoid macular edema and for relief in allergic conjunctivitis. Treatment with NSAIDs is preferred because of the lower occurrence of side effects associated with steroidal drugs; however, most of the NSAIDs for ophthalmic use are weakly acidic compounds [55], which tend to lower the pH of the formulations making the formulations somewhat irritating. In addition, many of them have poor water solubility; thus, they are often used in the form of their more soluble salt forms (e.g., sodium, potassium, tromethamine, or lysine salts) or are formulated with solubilizers like surfactants or cyclodextrins.
Nonionizing Radiation
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Photokeratitis and conjunctivitis (photokeratoconjunctivitis) are dose-dependent inflammations of the tissues of the cornea and conjunctiva, respectively. The most effective wavelengths are those in the 270–280 nm band. Typically, the onset of signs and symptoms follows overexposure by about 6 to 12 hr, although times may be as short as 30 min or as long as 24 hr. Signs and symptoms include pain, blepharospasm, tearing, congestion of the conjunctiva, photophobia, visual haze, and a scratchy sensation in the eyes, often described as feeling as if the eyes have sand in them. Erythema may develop on the eyelids and skin surrounding the eyes. The inflammation may be incapacitating for up to 2 days, but the effects are rarely permanent.
Cryptosporidiosis in Birds
Published in J. P. Dubey, C. A. Speer, R. Fayer, Cryptosporidiosis of Man and Animals, 2018
David S. Lindsay, Byron L. Blagburn
Respiratory disease has been reported in naturally infected mallard ducks.597 Gross and microscopic lesions were similar to those reported in other avian species. Cryptosporidia were present in the nasal cavities, trachea, and BF of infected mallards. Cryptosporidia have also been seen on the conjunctiva of a duck with conjunctivitis521 and in the BF of ducks with diarrhea.803 Neither of the reports clearly associated disease with the presence of Cryptosporidia in these ducks. Ducks are susceptible to oral and IT inoculation with C. baileyi oocysts.479 The site of development is identical to that seen in chickens and turkeys. Ducks appear to be more resistant to experimentally induced clinical respiratory disease because only mild clinical signs and no deaths occurred following IT inoculation of C. baileyi oocysts.
Short-Term effects of ambient ozone on the risk of conjunctivitis outpatient visits: a time-series analysis in Pudong New Area, Shanghai
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Peng Cheng, Chengjun Liu, Bin Tu, Xiaohua Zhang, Fangrong Chen, Jiawei Xu, Dan Qian, Xudong Wang, Wei Zhou
People of all ages are susceptible to conjunctivitis, which has brought great adverse effects on their life. Mild conjunctivitis can cause irritation, tearing, itching and burning. If treated carelessly, it may lead to vision loss or even blindness (Chang et al. 2012). Generally, the etiology of conjunctivitis disease mainly includes two categories, one is pathogenic microbial factors and the other is physicochemical factors, especially air pollution (Chen et al. 2019). Considering the negative effects of rapid economic development, the effect of environment on human health has been widely concerned. According to previous relevant studies, most of them reported that air pollution was associated with the increased risk for conjunctivitis, especially nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) (Chang et al. 2012; Hong et al. 2016; Lu et al. 2019). For example, Chang et al. (2012) found that ambient NO2 and O3 increased the risk for nonspecific conjunctivitis outpatient visits and had no lag effects. Hong et al. (2016) and Lu et al. (2019) also suggested that NO2 and O3 made a difference in increasing conjunctivitis outpatient visits. Although the current evidence about the effect of nitrogen dioxide on conjunctivitis is relatively consistent, the conclusions about ozone are different. According to the evidence mentioned in a systematic review in 2019 (Chen et al. 2019), Szyszkowicz et al. (2012) found that the associations between conjunctivitis and O3 exposure were found only in females, and Szyszkowicz et al. (2019) suggested that significant associations were found in both men and women with different lag effect periods.
Traffic-related particulate matter aggravates ocular allergic inflammation by mediating dendritic cell maturation
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Moonwon Hwang, Sehyun Han, Jeong-Won Seo, Ki-Joon Jeon, Hyun Soo Lee
Allergic diseases are an important public health threat and a major cause of illnesses affecting all age groups globally. Unfortunately, the incidence of allergic diseases are increasing and constitute a significant economic burden to the general public (Huang et al. 2015). Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the major ocular diseases, which damages the ocular surface and produces symptoms such as redness and itching. In addition, allergic conjunctivitis affects up to 40% of the population of the United States (Azari and Barney 2013). The incidence and severity of allergic conjunctivitis are related to exposure to air pollutants. In an epidemiological study Navarro et al. (2009) demonstrated that allergens frequently involved in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were pollens (51%), followed by dust mites (42%). Riediker et al. (2001) found that the rhinoconjunctival tissue is sensitive to allergens during an allergic reaction and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis might be exacerbated by high levels of air pollutants. Chang et al. (2012) reported that air pollutants, such as NO2, SO2, O3, and fine PM increased the number of outpatients who complained regarding nonspecific conjunctivitis. Ko et al. (2016) noted the correlation between the severity of acute conjunctivitis and the presence of Asian dust particles on the ocular surface. Specifically, Ko et al. (2016) reported that significantly higher symptom scores such as itching sense were observed in patients with greater silica/aluminum (Si/Al) levels. Miyazaki et al. (2019) showed that the elevated prevalence of severe allergic conjunctivitis, including atopic keratoconjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, was significantly linked to air pollutant levels.