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Designing for Foot and Ankle Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The network of leg arteries ends in the ankle and foot (Figure 2.16). The anterior tibial artery of the leg feeds the dorsalis pedis artery of the foot. In a healthy person, the pulse at this artery can be found quite easily over the central portion of the navicular bone, presenting an accessible site to monitor heart rate. As the dorsalis pedis reaches the top of the forefoot it branches across to feed into each toe. The posterior tibial artery, coursing behind the medial malleolus, carries rich amounts of blood to the sole of the foot and toes. Blood from the foot drains through superficial veins into deep veins proximal to the ankle joint, to take advantage of the musculovenous pump of the calf (see Section 5.10.1). Research on the influence of high-heeled shoes on venous function in young women (Tedeschi Filho, Dezzotti, Joviliano, Moriya, & Piccinato, 2012) demonstrated impairment of the function of the musculovenous pump. There was decreased return of venous blood, proportional to heel height, from the lower leg and foot.
Effects of load matched isokinetic versus isotonic blood flow restricted exercise on neuromuscular and muscle function
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Paola M. Rivera, Christopher E. Proppe, David Gonzalez-Rojas, Aaron Wizenberg, Ethan C. Hill
A rapid cuff inflator was applied at 60% of arterial occlusion pressure using a 12-cm wide cuff and a rapid cuff inflator (Hokanson Rapid Cuff Inflator; Hokanson Inc., Belleview, WA, USA). The cuff was applied to the most proximal aspect of the right leg and pressure was initially applied at 30mmHg and intermittently inflated and deflated until total arterial occlusion pressure was achieved. Blood flow was monitored via Doppler ultrasound-imaging device (GE Logiqe, USA) and a multi-frequency linear-array probe (12L-Rs; 5–13 MHz; 38.4 mm field-of-view) on the posterior tibial artery. The posterior tibial artery was selected as the monitoring site for participant comfort but is a branch of the popliteal artery which is a continuation of the femoral artery where the cuff was applied. Target pressure was calculated as 60% of the lowest amount of pressure necessary to completely occlude blood as indicated by the ultrasound. The cuff remained inflated during the duration of the exercise protocol and was immediately deflated following the final repetition. The total duration of BFR was approximately 5 min.
75-repetition versus sets to failure of blood flow restriction exercise on indices of muscle damage in women
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Christopher E. Proppe, Taylor M. Aldeghi, Paola M. Rivera, David Gonzalez-Rojas, Aaron M. Wizenberg, Ethan C. Hill
Total occlusion pressure was assessed using an 11-cm wide cuff (SC10D, Hokanson Inc., Belleview, WA, USA) applied to the proximal aspect of the upper leg and connected to a Hokanson device (Hokanson Rapid Cuff Inflation System; Hokanson Inc., Belleview, WA, USA). Arterial blood flow through the posterior tibial artery was visually observed using doppler ultrasound (GE Logiq e, General Electric Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) while the cuff was progressively inflated until total occlusion was achieved. During each exercise protocol, the BFR cuff was applied to the proximal-most aspect of the upper leg and inflated to 60% of total arterial occlusion pressure immediately prior to exercise then deflated after the last repetition.