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Key human anatomy and physiology principles as they relate to rehabilitation engineering
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Qussai Obiedat, Bhagwant S. Sindhu, Ying-Chih Wang
The cardiovascular system primarily consists of blood, the heart, and all the associated blood vessels. A major function of the cardiovascular system is to work with the respiratory system to allow blood to transport carbon dioxide and oxygen. Other major functions of blood include transporting nutrients and body waste, as well as forming a component of the immune system. The heart functions as a pump to push blood to various organs including muscles, brain, and lungs. Generally, arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Likewise, veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart. For example, vertebral arteries travel away from the heart, up through the neck, to carry oxygenated blood to the brain. An exception to this rule is that the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. A blockage of blood supply to an organ may result in cell death due to lack of oxygen and nutrients as well as due to an inability to remove waste products. For example, with regards to brain tissue, a sudden loss of blood supply to a region of the brain is described as ischemia. Further, a sustained ischemic condition results in necrosis (cell death) of an area of the brain and is described as an infarct. Furthermore, an infarct that presents with local neurological deficits is described as a stroke (Lundy-Ekman 2013).
Swarm Intelligence for Diagnosis of Arrhythmia and Cardiac Stenosis
Published in Shikha Agrawal, Manish Gupta, Jitendra Agrawal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Kamlesh Kumar Gupta, Swarm Intelligence and Machine Learning, 2022
K Sujatha, NPG Bhavani, B Latha, K Senthil Kumar, T Kavitha, U Jayalatsumi, A Kalaivani, V Srividhya, B Rengammal Sankari
From the left chamber blood is pumped out of the heart to all other parts in the human body. The arteries carry oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. The arteries finally branch as capillaries supplying oxygenated blood to all tissues, like skin and other major organs present in the human body. The deoxygenated blood after supplying oxygen and nutrients enters the heart for purification through the right chamber via the veins. When the oxygenated blood is circulated through the liver, the waste products are eliminated. Hence, if there is any breakdown in this network, the entire system collapses and may prove to be fatal to humans [5, 6]. When there is a hindrance in the blood vessels, there is a reduction in blood supply to the heart causing Coronary heart disease. The major factors contributing to coronary heart disease are high blood pressure, high saturated blood cholesterol, tobacco and alcohol use, unhealthy oily diet, physical inactivity, increase in blood sugar level and any other genetic disorders. The other factors include malnutrition due to poverty, lack of awareness, mental depression and swelling of blood vessels [7, 8].
Analysis of Heart Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning Techniques
Published in Saravanan Krishnan, Ramesh Kesavan, B. Surendiran, G. S. Mahalakshmi, Handbook of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, 2021
N. Hema Priya, N. Gopikarani, S. Shymala Gowri
Heart diseases or cardiovascular diseases are a class of diseases that involve the heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CADs) like angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). There is another heart disease called coronary heart disease, in which a waxy substance called plaque develops inside the coronary arteries that is primarily responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle that is rich in oxygen. When plaque accumulates up in these arteries, the condition is termed as atherosclerosis. The development of plaque happens over many years. Over time, this plaque deposits harden or rupture (break open) that eventually narrows the coronary arteries, which in turn reduces the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart. Because of these ruptures, blood clots form on its surface. The size of the blood clot also makes the situation severe. The larger blood clot leads to flow blockage through the coronary artery. When time passes by, the ruptured plaque gets hardened and would eventually result in the narrowing of the coronary arteries. If the blood flow has stopped and is not restored very quickly, that portion of the heart muscles begins to die.
Identification of retinal diseases based on retinal blood vessel segmentation using Dagum PDF and feature-based machine learning
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
K. Susheel Kumar, Nagendra Pratap Singh
The eyes are the important organs in the human body, comprising more than two million cells and tissues. The light-sensitive tissues behind the eyes are called the retina, which captures the view and forwards towards the brain through nerves [1]. The variations in the blood vessels of the retina cause retina artery occlusion, diabetic Retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, hypertensive Retinopathy etc. The variations in the retinal blood vessels (RBV) cause vision problems and must be detected early to prevent vision loss [2]. The variations in blood vessel types include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. The arteries possess a significant role in organ nourishment with blood and nutrients. Elastic and muscular are the two main forms of arteries. The arterioles render blood over the organs, mainly comprised of smooth muscles. The metabolites and nutrients are exchanged through thin capillary walls made up of a single endothelial layer. The venules are the smallest veins that obtain blood from capillaries for oxygen transfer. The blood flows from venules over the larger, thin-walled, less elastic veins. The inherent retinal disease (IRD) is the most common cause of severe vision problems; thus, early detection would minimize the risk of vision problems in family members [3]. Therefore, a deep insight into these issues is required to protect patients with retinal diseases. Diagnosis of vision complications is tedious; in some cases, only small variations occur between the affected and normal blood vessels [4]. Advances and screening methods are useful for identifying various retinal diseases [5].
Study on Fractional Order Arterial Windkessel Model Using Optimization Method
Published in IETE Journal of Education, 2023
From section 4.3, it is noted that the FO Wk4 model gives better closeness to the clinical data. Hence, the FO Wk4 model is further used for simulating diseases like atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Atherosclerosis is the narrowing of arteries caused by cholesterol plaques (fat, calcium) lining the artery over time. This increases the resistance to the blood flow and can put blood flow at risk as arteries become blocked. Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the thin layer (endothelium) on the wall of arteries. This is simulated by changing the resistance in the FO Wk4 model. When the elastic property of the aorta decreases the stiffness of arteries to the blood flow increases. This increases the pressure inside the aorta. This condition is simulated by changing the capacitor of the FO Wk4 model. The corresponding pressure profiles with abnormalities are simulated and shown in Figure 15.
Context-aware system for cardiac condition monitoring and management: a survey
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022
Godwin Okechukwu Ogbuabor, Juan Carlos Augusto, Ralph Moseley, Aléchia van Wyk
Though there are different examples of cardiac diseases, such as cardiac arrhythmias, atherosclerotic disease, and cerebrovascular disease; Celermajer et al. (2012) stated that most of the cardiovascular challenges in the world is due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition where arteries become blocked with fatty substances called plaques which can result to stroke or heart attack (Stanner 2008). Its symptoms include pain or discomfort in the chest, shortness of breath (Dyspnea), fatigue and nausea. In 2014, Bhatnagar et al. (2015) conducted research and discovered that 46% of cardiovascular disease death in UK is as a result of atherosclerosis. Another cardiac disease that worth looking into is arrhythmia. Cardiac arrhythmia occurs when the electrical impulses that coordinate the heartbeats do not work properly, causing the heart to beat too fast, too slow or irregularly (Stanner 2008). Its symptoms include palpitation, weakness and chest pain.