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Nanoparticle-Mediated Small RNA Deliveries for Molecular Therapies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Ramasamy Paulmurugan, Uday Kumar Sukumar, Tarik F. Massoud
The miRNAs are small, highly conserved, non-coding RNAs of 18–24 nucleotides in length endogenously expressed in cells that are engaged in the post transcriptional regulation of gene expression through the RNAi pathway [16, 89, 91–94, 113–118]. The miRNA expression is dysregulated in cellular diseases including cancer, where miRNA expressions are closely associated with cancer development, growth, invasion, and metastasis [16, 89, 91–94, 113–118]. Based on their functions, they are categorized as oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) and tumor suppressor miRNAs. OncomiRs promote tumor growth by inhibiting tumor suppressor and apoptotic genes, whereas anti-oncomiRs block the function of proteins involved in cell cycle and apoptosis [93, 116]. There are numerous miRNAs that are reported to be tumor suppressors (miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-29, miR-34, miR-127, miR-155, let-7, etc.) [115]. This list has been growing, and it is expected that there may be many more miRNAs with important functions yet to be discovered. Recently, we and several other groups have been investigating miRNAs as a new class of molecularly targeted anticancer therapeutics [4, 5].
From RNA Structures to RNA Nanomachines
Published in Yubing Xie, The Nanobiotechnology Handbook, 2012
Sabarinath Jayaseelan, Paul D. Kutscha, Francis Doyle, Scott A. Tenenbaum
Although there are many methods for mRNA regulation at the genetic level, post-transcriptional regulation of messenger RNA contributes to numerous aspects of gene expression. The key component to this level of regulation is the interaction of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their associated target mRNAs. Splicing, stability, localization, translational efficiency, and alternate codon use are just some of the post-transcriptional processes regulated by RBPs. Central to our understanding of these processes is the need to characterize the network of RBP–mRNA associations and create a map of this functional post-transcriptional regulatory system. To this end, RIP-Chip or ribonomic profiling has proven to be a versatile, genomic, in vivo technique widely used to study these RBP–mRNA associations.
Principles and Techniques for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Manipulation
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, Francisca Nwaokorie
Depending on the stage at which the expression of a gene is regulated, regulation may be one of four types: (1) Transcriptional regulation – determines whether the gene will be transcribed or not; (2) Post-transcriptional regulation – regulation of the processing, transport and longevity of mRNAs; (3) Translational regulation – determination of whether or not and to what extent an mRNA will be translated; and (4) Post-translational regulation – regulation of protein modification and activity. The commonest type of regulation is transcriptional regulation and within that, the initiation of transcription.
The individual and combined effects of spaceflight radiation and microgravity on biologic systems and functional outcomes
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Jeffrey S. Willey, Richard A. Britten, Elizabeth Blaber, Candice G.T. Tahimic, Jeffrey Chancellor, Marie Mortreux, Larry D. Sanford, Angela J. Kubik, Michael D. Delp, Xiao Wen Mao
Maintenance of stemness during microgravity exposure has also been demonstrated in several other stem cell populations including cardiovascular progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic (HSCs), and adipose derived stem cells. Specifically, studies using neonatal and adult cardiovascular progenitor cells exposed to microgravity on ISS and simulated microgravity in a clinostat resulted in altered cytoskeletal organization and migration in both cell populations.215,216 Several of these responses were found to be regulated by miRNAs, thereby indicating that miRNAs may be a key mediator of the cellular response to spaceflight exposure.215–217 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They function via base-pairing with complementary strands of mRNA, in turn silencing them by cleavage, destabilization, or hindering translation. Furthermore, the authors found reduced yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and Tafazzin (TAZ) signaling that can function to regulate transcription and is affected by mechanical load.217 Neonatal but not adult cardiovascular progenitor cells exposed to spaceflight exhibited increased expression of markers for early cardiovascular development and enhanced proliferative potential, possibly mediated through miRNA signaling.215,216
Effects of ambient ozone exposure on circulating extracellular vehicle microRNA levels in coronary artery disease patients
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Hao Chen, Yunan Xu, Ana Rappold, David Diaz-Sanchez, Haiyan Tong
Recently several investigators provided new insights into the role of miRNAs (miRNA) in air pollution induced cardiovascular effects (Fernandez-Hernando and Suarez 2018; Li et al. 2019). miRNAs are a family of small (approximately 22 nucleotides), single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that are important in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in cells. Changes of miRNA profile are common in cardiovascular diseases and indication of disruption of gene function regulation and endothelial homeostasis (Pereira-da-Silva et al. 2018). Extracellular vehicles (EV) in the circulation might serve as a vehicle for cell-to-cell communication where contents in the EV, such as RNAs, lipids, proteins, and miRNAs, carry information between cells; for example, from lung cells to endothelial cells in heart and peripheral blood vessels (Kao and Papoutsakis 2019). Altered expression levels of certain miRNA targets in the circulation might serve as a possible mechanism of cardiovascular effects induced by pulmonary exposure to air pollutants.