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Pediatric Imaging in General Radiography
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, William A. S. Cox, General Radiography, 2020
Allen Corrall, Joanna Fairhurst
This is a birth related injury which can occur several ways, most commonly caused by shoulder dystocia where the baby becomes stuck in the birth canal as one of its shoulder lodges on the mother’s pubic bone and during the associated assisted delivery the head (or trunk in breech birth) is pulled causing nerve damage as the neck is stretched (South & Isaacs, 2012). The neonate presents with upper limb paralysis on the affected side (sometimes both) and the X-ray request will often mention lack of tone in the affected arm. The role of X-ray is to exclude a fractured clavicle or humerus as an alternative cause for paresis. Nerve damage sequelae range from full recovery to a permanent degree of paralysis.
Emergency Preparedness and Response
Published in Neil McManus, Safety and Health in Confined Spaces, 2018
Fractures of the spine in the back and neck are always accompanied by the possibility of injury to the spinal cord. The higher the level at which damage occurs, the greater is the risk of damage to the nervous system and the consequence of the injury. Paralysis resulting from an injury to the spinal cord usually is permanent.
Application of multi-criteria decision-making methods in the selection of additive manufacturing materials for solid ankle foot orthoses
Published in Journal of Engineering Design, 2023
Muhammad Abas, Tufail Habib, Sahar Noor, Dominik Zimon, Joanna Woźniak
Various types of AFOs that aid in supporting different deformities in patients are shown in Figure1. Assistive devices such as ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) are widely used by patients to aid in walking by maintaining and stabilising foot and ankle movement to correct deformities. Different types of AFOs are available to cater to individual needs, including solid/rigid AFOs, dynamic AFOs, posterior leaf spring AFOs, and ground reaction AFOs as illustrated in Figure1. Solid AFOs immobilise the foot joints, providing full coverage to the back of the leg, and are recommended for patients with weak ankle muscles, foot drop, knee instability, ligament injuries, and valgus (Surmen, Akalan, and Arslan 2019). Dynamic AFOs help control foot movement and maintain neutral alignment, particularly for patients with muscle weakness. They wrap around the foot to provide stability and are commonly used for conditions such as spina bifida or cerebral palsy (Koller, and Arch 2018). Posterior leaf spring AFOs are designed to address foot drop by limiting plantarflexion during the swing phase of walking. They are prescribed for foot drop, stroke, and Peroneal Palsy. The flexible foot plate of posterior leaf spring AFOs stores energy and acts as a small spring to assist with forward movement during walking (Stott, 2015). Ground reaction AFOs aim to reduce excessive knee flexion by blocking the forward motion of the knee joint. They are prescribed for conditions such as cerebral palsy, adult acquired flatfoot, brain or spinal cord injuries, post-polio paralysis, and osteoarthritis (Nazha et al. 2023).
RESNA position on the application of dynamic seating
Published in Assistive Technology, 2021
Michelle L. Lange, Barbara Crane, Frederick J. Diamond, Suzanne Eason, Jessica Presperin Pedersen, Greg Peek
Julia is a 30 year old woman with a T1 complete spinal cord injury resulting in paralysis from the waist down. Her rigid off-the-shelf back support provided support but prevented her from spinal extension at the lumbar level. Julia was provided with a dynamic back support which was customized to provide her with lateral pelvic support and movement of the spine above the pelvis. The customized dynamic back support allowed Julia to move into back extension at the thoracic level. She was able to propel her manual wheelchair using greater spinal extension and scapular motion which allowed her to grab the wheel further back, increasing the length of her forward push and decreasing the resistance at her shoulder girdle. She was also able to reach higher, giving her increased function in reaching upper cabinets and high shelves in the refrigerator, while being supported with static surface area contact posterior and lateral to her lumbar/sacral spine. She was also able to participate in sports with her children by being able to reach back and throw a ball. The ability to independently stretch her back while seated in the chair decreased her reported back pain. The spinal movement provided by the dynamic back support resulted in significant functional changes and increased sitting tolerance by decreasing pain.
Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain: expert opinion and 5-year outlook
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Mark N. Malinowski, Sameer Jain, Navdeep Jassal, Timothy Deer
The two broad complications classes associated with spinal cord stimulation are biological and hardware-related complications. Biological complications can be further segregated into neurological, infectious, hematological, and habituation/tolerance. Hardware-related complications include hardware-related pain, lead migration, and painful stimulation. Neurological complications may range from mild to devastating. Neurological complications include dural puncture and post-dural puncture headache, traumatic nerve and/or spinal cord injury and paralysis. Hematological and infectious complications share similar disastrous effects, at least in the early stages. Compression of the spinal cord from mass effect of a hematoma or abscess may will likely lead to cord and/or nerve root ischemia. Infectious causes present with similar symptoms, but presentation will also be supported by clinical evidence for infection such as constitutional symptoms and meningeal symptoms, and blood work changes such as elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein) and elevated white blood cell count.